Genetically modified foods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Genetically modified foods - Essay Example Although the use of genetically modified foods may have certain shortcomings, the global population should embrace the technique fully to ensure sustainable food production and hence global food security. Essentially, genetically modified foods are foods that have undergone genetic engineering aimed at altering their DNA in order to improve their overall productivity (Freedman 45). Since the process completely changes the DNA, the resulting crop is extremely resistant to drought and diseases in addition to producing high yields when compared to the original crop (Teitel and Wilson 36). While the process started long ago, the commercial selling of GMOs commenced in 1994. Currently, the genetically modified foods are majorly from the plant origin although there are prospects of coming up with such kinds of animals species soon. Perhaps it is important to note that during the genetic modification, a new gene from another species is introduced into the plant species in order to come up w ith a completely new combination of genes in the new crop (Santaniello, Evenson, and Zilberman 51). Despite the fact that genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have numerous advantages, it faces sharp criticisms from various quarters who claim that it has adverse effects on both the environment and human health (Freedman 44). Indeed, the genetically modifies organisms interfere with the natural environment thereby causing imbalance in the ecosystem (Forman 27). Due to their drought and disease resistant nature, the genetically modified foods consume all the nutrients form the soil thus depriving the surrounding natural crops the required amounts on nutrients to flourish. In this regard, it is vital to weigh the effects against the benefits of the genetically modified foods before any concrete decision is made on a new crop (Teitel and Wilson 37). Owing to the rapid trends in climate change, the world has been on a constant lookout for any threats to food security and available optio ns of increasing the crop yield. Luckily, genetic engineering has provided the solution to the constant droughts in various parts of the world that more often accentuate the hunger situation (Teitel and Wilson 46). The technique of genetically modified foods is intended to change the genetic structure of the natural crop to be able to survive the harshest of growing conditions. In this case, there is no need of using such natural methods as mutual and selective breeding. In essence, the commercial exploitation of genetic engineering began in the year 1994 with the main cash crops being soybeans, cottonseed oil, and corn (Santaniello, Evenson, and Zilberman 51). Although experiments are currently ongoing to modify the animal species to be drought and disease resistant, none of the genetically modifies animals is in the market (Carter, Moschini, and Sheldon 28). Perhaps the first advantage of using the genetically modified foods is the fact that they can be used to cleanse the environ ment through phytoremediation. In this case, it is vital to understand that some genetically modif

Effectiveness of Support Services for Reducing Poverty

Effectiveness of Support Services for Reducing Poverty A 6000 word literature review project which critically analyses and evaluates the effectiveness of family support services aimed at reducing stress and poverty for the parents of children in need. Introduction The whole issue of parents and children in need is a vast, complex and ethically challenging one. This review is specifically charged with an examination of those issues which impinge upon the stresses and strains that are experienced by parents of children in need. A superficial examination of these issues that are involved in this particular area would suggest that there are a number of â€Å"sub-texts† which can all give rise to this particular situation. Firstly, to have a child in need is clearly a stressful situation for any parent. (Meltzer H et al. 1999) This can clearly be purely a financial concern and a reflection of the fact that the whole family is in financial hardship, perhaps due to the economic situation or perhaps due to the actions of the parents themselves. Equally the need of the child can be a result of a non-financial need, so we should also consider the child who is in some way handicapped, ill, emotionally disturbed or perhaps in need in some other way. This produces another type of stress on the parent, and these stresses are typically longer lasting and, in general, less easily rectified than a purely financial consideration of need. (Hall D 1996). It is part of the basic ethos of the welfare state that it should look after its less able and disadvantaged members. (Welsh Office 1997). Parents of children in need will often qualify in this definition. We shall therefore examine the various aspects of this problem. Literature Review We will make a start by considering one type of child in need. The first paper that we will consider is that of Prof. Vostanis (Vostanis 2002), which looks at the mental health problems that are faced by deprived children and their families together with the effectiveness of the resources that are available to them. It is a well written and well researched paper, if rather complex and confusing in places. We will consider this paper in some detail as it provides an excellent overview of the whole area. The paper starts with a rather useful definition for our purposes. It qualifies the deprived child, initially in terms of a homeless family, that being : A family of any number of adults with dependent children who are statutorily accepted by local authorities (housing departments) in the UK, and are usually accommodated for a brief period in voluntary agency, local authority or housing association hostels. This period of temporary accommodation can vary enormously depending on the time of year and the area considered, and can range from a few days to perhaps several months. The target in Greater London is currently to rehouse homeless families within 4-6 weeks. In London particularly, the homeless families can be placed in Bed Breakfast accommodation. (D of H 1998) In this respect, the immediate family support mechanisms do appear to be in place. Vostranis however, goes on to make the observation that despite the fact that the definition of the homeless family is rather broad, it does not cover all of the potential children in need, as those children and their carers who have lost their homes but have managed to live with relatives, on the streets or perhaps live as travellers, are not covered by the statutory obligation to provide housing. The official figures therefore, he observes, are generally an underestimate of the true situation. The official figures for the homeless families are put (in this paper) at 140,000. (Vostanis Cumella, 1999) The authors give us further information in that many families will become homeless again within one year of rehousing and the typical family seen is the single mother and at least two children who are generally under the age of 11 yrs. They also observe that the typical father and adolescent child tend to be placed in homeless centres. (D of H 1995) In exploration of the particular topic that we are considering, the authors give us the situations that typically have given rise to the degree of parental stress that may have led to the homelessness. They point to the fact that a homeless family is usually homeless for different reasons to the single homeless adult. Vostanis (et al 1997) is quoted as showing that 50% of the cases studied were homeless as a direct result of domestic violence and 25% as a result of harassment from neighbours. The authors observe that the numbers in this category (and therefore the problems), are rising. (Welsh Office 1999). There are a number of section to this paper which are not directly referable to our considerations. We shall therefore direct our attention purely to those parts that have a direct bearing on the subject. One particularly useful and analytical part of the paper is the section that details the characteristics and needs of the target group. This is a very detailed section, but it makes the point that the children in need in this group are particularly heterogeneous, generally all with multiple and inter-related needs. Homelessness is seldom a one off event. This particular observation, (say the authors), is crucially important for the development and provision of services. Most families have histories of previous chronic adversities that constitute risk factors for both children and parents (Bassuk et al, 1997). Such events include family conflict, violence and breakdown; limited or absent networks for family and social support; recurring moves; poverty; and unemployment. Mothers are more likely to have suffered abuse in their own childhood and adult life and children have increased rates of placement on the at-risk child protection register, because of neglect, physical and/or sexual abuse. If we specifically consider the health needs of this population, the authors categorise them thus: The children are more likely to have a history of low birthweight, anaemia, dental decay and delayed immunisations, to be of lower stature and have a greater degree of nutritional stress. They are also more likely to suffer accidents, injuries and burns. (BPA 1999) Some studies have found that child health problems increase with the duration of homelessness, although this finding is not consistent. A substantial proportion of homeless children have delayed development compared with the general population of children of a similar chronological age. This includes both specific developmental delays, such as in receptive and expressive language and visual, motor and reading skills, as well as general skills and educational status (Webb et al. 2001). It is for this reason specifically, that it has proved extremely difficult to assess the effectiveness of the family support services because of the multivariate nature of the problems that are presented. The authors point to the fact that one of the prime determinants of the degree of support available, is the actual access that the families have to these services. Many sources (viz. Wilkinson R 1996), equate the poor health of the disadvantaged primarily with the lack of access to services. One immediate difficulty is the current registration system in the UK. In order to be seen in the primary healthcare team setting, one must be registered with a named doctor. In the majority of cases that we are dealing with here, they have moved area and registration is probably not high on their list of priorities. One can argue that there is the access to the A E departments of the local hospitals but there is virtually no continuity here and they are no geared up to provide anything other than immediate treatment. (Hall D 1996). This fact restricts their access to primary healthcare team procedures such as immunisations and other preventative medicine health clinics. (Lissauer et al, 1993) . By the same token these groups also have restricted access to the social services, whether they be the access teams, the family teams or the family support units and other agencies. The authors also point to other more disruptive trends in this group such as an inability to attend a particular school for fear of being traced by an abusive partner. It follows that these children do not have a stable social support of a school. They are denied such factors as peer groups, routines and challenges which are both important protective and developmental factors. (Shankleman J et al 2000). The summation of all of these factors, and others, is that the effectiveness of the family support services is greatly reduced by the mobility and the transient nature of the family unit. Quite apart from the difficulties outlined above relating to the problems of access to avenues of help open to the child in need and their families there are the problems engendered by the fact that social service departments in different areas of the country may not have immediate access to the previous records giving rise to many potential, and real, problems with continuity of care. This problem is brought into more immediate focus when one considers the increased frequency of child protection registrations in this particular group. (Hall D et al 1998). One specific analysis of the family support services of this particular group comes in the form of the psychiatric services. In the context of the title of this piece, it demonstrates how these particular services, (but not these alone), are failing to deal with the totality of the problem. All of the aspects that we have outlined so far are conspiring to dilute the effectiveness of the services provided. The fact that they are a mobile population with no fixed address means that some of the services may choose to invoke this as a reason for not making provision for them, particularly if resources are stretched. If more resources are given, then they are typically preferentially targeted at the single adult homeless population where the need is arguably greater. The authors of this paper point to the fact that this may not actually be true as some studies have shown that homeless single mothers and their children have a 49% psychopathy rate and only an 11% contact with the support services. (Cumella et al, 1998). The impact of this fact on the children can only be imagined. To an extent however, it can be quantified as the authors cite other studies which show a 30% need rating for children, (they do not actually define exactly what their perceived level of need was), contrasted with a 3% contact rate for children and adolescents in this area. (viz. Power S et al. 1995). Putting these considerations together, the authors outline a set of proposals which are designed to help improve the access to some of the essential services. The model that they propose could, if successful and with a degree of modification, prove suitable for adaptation to other areas of the family support services. It is not appropriate to discuss this model in detail, but suffice it to say that it has a tiered structure so that the degree of distress and need is titrated against the degree of input generated. One of the reasons that we have selected this particular paper to present in this context is for its last section. It proposes a â€Å"family support services model† which has been developed and pioneered in the Leicester area. In the context of our review, it is worth considering in some detail. A service provided through a family support team (four family support assistants).This is designed to detect a range of problems at the time of crisis; manage a degree of mental health problems (behavioural and emotional); provide parenting-training; support and train housing (hostel) staff; co-ordinate the work of different agencies; and provide some continuity after rehousing by ensuring intake by appropriate local services. The family workers are based at the main hostel for homeless children and families. Other, predominantly voluntary, services have established alternative posts, such as advocates and key workers. Whatever the title of the post, it is essential that the post-holder has some experience and ongoing training in mental health and child protection, so that he or she can hold a substantial case-load, rather than merely mediate between already limited services. The family support workers have direct access to the local child and adult mental health services, whose staff provide weekly outreach clinics. Their role is to work with the family support workers and other agencies, assess selected children and families, and provide treatment for more severe problems or disorders such as depression, self-harm and PTSD. A weekly inter-agency liaison meeting at the main hostel is attended by a health visitor, representatives of the local domestic violence service and Sure Start, There are also close, regular links with education welfare and social services. The aim is to effectively utilise specialist skills by discussing family situations from all perspectives at the liaison meeting. A bimonthly steering group, led by the housing department, involves senior managers representing these agencies, as well as the education and social services departments and the voluntary sector, and they oversee and co-ordinate the service. This appears to be something of an exemplar in relation to services provided elsewhere. The paper does not provide any element of costings in this area neither does it provide any figures in relation to its success rates, contact rates or overall effectiveness. In conclusion this paper is an extremely well written and authoritative overview of the situation relating to the stresses of the homeless parent with children and the effectiveness (or lack of it) in its ability to reduce the stresses experienced by the homeless children in need and their parents. It proposes remedies but sadly it does not evaluate the effectiveness of those remedies. In order to address these shortcomings we can consider another paper by Tischler (et al 2000). This looks at a similar outreach set up which has been designed to capture the families of children in need who might otherwise slip through the net. This paper is written from a different perspective and specifically analyses the effectiveness of these services as they pertain to an entry cohort of 40 families. This particular study was set up after preliminary work was done in the Birmingham area with 114 homeless families and this study defined the needs of the families but did not quantify their support systems.(Vostanis et al 1998). This paper set out to identify and measure the support systems available and their effectiveness as far as the families were concerned. The stresses encountered were partly reflected by the incidence of psychiatric morbidity. The mothers in the group were found to have over 50% more morbidity than a matched control group. The children in the group were found to have â€Å"histories of abuse, living in care, being on the at-risk protection register, delayed communication and higher reported mental health problems.† All of which adds to the general background stress levels. (Kerouac S et al. 1996). This particular study found that despite the psychiatric morbidity in the children, (estimated to be about 30%), and the psychiatric morbidity in the parents, (estimated at about 50%), only 3% of the children and 10% of the parents had had any significant contact or support from the social services. In this respect, this paper is very useful to our purpose as it quantifies the levels of intervention and access to healthcare resources that this particular group has. By any appreciation, it would be considered woefully inadequate in any society that calls itself civilised. In the terms of the title of this piece, the effectiveness of the family support services is minimal. Like the last paper discussed, this one also considered how best to tackle the problem, and this one is of much greater value to us, as it specifies a response, or intervention, to the problem in much the same way as the Vostranis 2002 paper did, but it makes the same measurements as it did prior to the intervention, and therefore allows us an insight into the actual effectiveness of the intervention. The way this particular study worked was to assess the problem (as it has been presented above), devise an intervention strategy and then to measure its effect. This particular study goes to great lengths to actively involve all the appropriate agencies that could help the situation by having a central assessment station that acted as a liaison between all of the other resources. In brief, it actively involved liaison with the following: Education, social services, child protection, local mental health services, voluntary and community organisations to facilitate the re-integration of the family into the community, and particularly their engagement with local services following rehousing; and training of staff of homeless centres in the understanding, recognition and management of mental illness in children and parents. This is essential, as hostel staff often work in isolation and have little knowledge of the potential severity and consequences of mental health problems in children. It was hoped that, by doing this, it would maximise the impact that the limited resources had on reducing the levels of morbidity and stress in the families of the children in need. The post intervention results were, by any estimate, impressive considering the historical difficulty of working with this particular group (OHara M 1995). 40 families (including 122 children) were studied in detail. The paper gives a detailed breakdown of the ethnic and demographic breakdown of the group. By far the biggest group were single mothers and children (72%) The results showed that the majority of referrals were seen between 1-3 times (55%), with a further 22% being seen 4-6 times. It is a reflection of the difficulty in engaging this type of family in need that over 25% did not actually keep their appointments despite the obvious potential benefits that could have been utilised. The authors investigated this group further and ascertained that a common reason for non attendance was the perception that the psychological welfare of the children was not actually the main concern. The families perceived that their primary needs were rehousing and financial stability. Other priorities identified were that physical health was a greater priority than mental health. The authors also identify another common failing in the social services provision, and that is the general lack of regular contact. They cite the situation where some families cope well initially, apparently glad to have escaped an abusive or violent home situation, but a prolonged stay in a hostel or temporary accommodation may soon precipitate a bout of depression in the parents and behavioural problems in the children of such parents. (Brooks RM et al 1998). They suggest that regular re-visiting of families who have been in temporary accommodation for any significant length of time should be mandatory. This paper takes a very practical overview by pointing out that workability of the system is, to a large extent, dependent on the goodwill of a number of committed professionals. The authors state that this has to be nurtured and they call for sufficient funding must be given to enable this particular model to be extended to a National level. Thus far in the review we have considered the effectiveness of the service provision in the support of the families of the children in need in one specific target grouping, those who are stressed by virtue of the fact that they are homeless. We will now consider the literature on a different kind of family stress, and that is when a parent dies. This leaves the children with a considerable amount of potential emotional â€Å"baggage† and the surviving parent with an enormous amount of stress. (Webb E 1998). An excellent paper by Downey (et al 1999) tackles this particular problem with both sensitivity and also considerable rigour. It is a long and complex paper, but the overall aims and objectives are clear from the outset. The structure of the paper is a prospective case study which aims to assess whether the degree of distress suffered by a family during a time of bereavement is in any way linked to the degree of service provision that is utilised. The base line for this study is set out in its first two paragraphs. Parentally bereaved children and surviving parents showed a greater than predicted level of psychiatric morbidity. Boys had greater levels of demonstrable morbidity than did girls, but bereaved mothers showed more morbidity than did bereaved fathers. Children were more likely to show signs of behavioural disturbance when the surviving parent manifested some kind of psychiatric disorder. (Kranzler EM et al 1990). The authors point to the fact that their study shows that the service provision is statistically related to a number of (arguably unexpected [Fristad MA et al 1993]) factors namely: The age of the children and the manner of parental death. Children under 5 years of age were less likely to be offered services than older children even though their parents desired it. Children were significantly more likely to be offered services when the parent had committed suicide or when the death was expected. Children least likely to receive service support were those who were not in touch with services before parental death. Paradoxically the level of service provision was not found to be statistically significantly related to either the parental wishes or the degree of the psychiatric disturbance in either the parent or child. (Sanchez L et al 1994) The service provision did have some statistical relationships but that was only found to be the manner of the parental death and the actual age of the child at the time. The authors therefore are able to identify a mismatch between the perceived need for support and the actual service provision made. Part of that mismatch is found to be due to the inability of the social services and other related agencies to take a dispassionate overview. Elsewhere in the paper the authors suggest that there are other factors that add to this inequality and they include lack of resources and a lack of specificity in identifying children at greatest risk. (Harrington R 1996) The authors examine other literature to back up their initial precept that bereaved children have greater levels of morbidity. They cite many other papers who have found distress manifesting in the form of â€Å"anxiety, depression, withdrawal, sleep disturbance, and aggression.† (Worden JW et al. 1996) and also psychological problems in later life (Harris T et al. 1996). In terms of study structure, the authors point to methodological problems with other papers in the area including a common failing of either having a standardised measure or no matched control group (Mohammed D et al 2003). They also point to the fact that this is probably the first UK study to investigate the subject using a properly representative sample and certainly the first to investigate whether service provision is actually related to the degree of the problems experienced. The entry cohort involved nearly 550 families with 94 having children in the target range (2-18). With certain exclusions (such as two families where one parent had murdered the other etc.) and non respondents, the final cohort was reduced to 45 families and one target child was randomly selected from each family. It has to be noted that the comparatively large number of non-respondents may have introduced a large element of bias, insofar as it is possible that the families most in need of support were those who were most distressed by the death of a family member and these could have been the very ones who chose not to participate. (Morton V et al 2003) The authors make no comment on this particular fact. The authors should be commended for a particularly ingenious control measure for the children. They were matched by asking their school teacher to complete an inventory of disturbed behaviour on the next child in the school register after the target child. A large part of the paper is taken up with methodological issues which ( apart form the comments above) cannot be faulted. In terms of being children in need, 60% of children were found to have â€Å"significant behavioural abnormalities† with 28% having scores above the 95th centile. In terms of specific service support provision, 82% of parents identified a perceived need for support by virtue of the behaviour of their children. Only 49% of these actually received it in any degree. Perhaps the most surprising statistic to come out of this study was the fact that of the parents who were offered support 44% were in the group who asked for it and 56% were in the group who didn’t want it. The levels of support offered were independent of the degree of behavioural disturbance in the child. As with the majority of papers that we have either presented here or read in preparation for this review, the authors call for a more rationally targeted approach to the utilisation of limited resources. The study also provides us with a very pertinent comment which many experienced healthcare professionals will empathise with, (Black D 1996), and that is: Practitioners should also be aware that child disturbance may reflect undetected psychological distress in the surviving parent. While not suggesting that this is a reflection of Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy, the comment is a valid reflection of the fact that parental distress may be well hidden from people outside of the family and may only present as a manifestation of the child’s behaviour. (Feldman MD et al. 1994) The conclusions that can be drawn from this study are that there is a considerable gap in the support offered ( quite apart form the effectiveness of that support) in this area of obvious stress for both parents and children. (Black D 1998). This study goes some way to quantifying the level of support actually given in these circumstances. We have considered the role of the effectiveness and indeed, even the existence, of adequate support services for the children in need and their parents in a number of different social circumstances. The next paper that we wish to present is an excellent review of the support that is given to another specific sub-group and that is women and children who suffer from domestic violence. Webb and her group (et al 2001) considered the problem in considerable (and commendable) depth The study itself had an entry cohort of nearly 150 children and their mothers who were resident in a number of hostels and women’s refuges that had been the victims of family violence at some stage in the recent past. The study subjected the cohort to a battery of tests designed to assess their physical, emotional and psychological health, and then quantified their access to, and support gained from, the primary healthcare teams and other social service-based support agencies. This study is presented in a long and sometimes difficult to read format. Much of the presentation is (understandably) taken up with statistical, ethical and methodological matters – all of which appear to be largely of excellent quality and the result of careful consideration. The results make for interesting and, (in the context of this review), very relevant reading. Perhaps one of the more original findings was that nearly 60% of the child health data held by the various refuges was factually incorrect. This clearly has grave implications for studies that base their evidence base on that data set (Berwick D 2005). Of great implication for the social services support mechanisms was the finding that 76% of the mothers in the study expressed concerns about the health of their children. Once they had left the refuge there was a significant loss to the follow up systems as 15% were untraceable and 25% returned to the home of the original perpetrator. The study documents the fact that this particular group had both a high level of need for support and also a poor level of access to appropriate services. In the study conclusions, the authors make the pertinent comment that the time spent in the refuge offers a â€Å"window of opportunity† for the family support services to make contact and to review health and child developmental status. This is not a demographically small group. In the UK, over 35,000 children and a parent, are recorded as passing through the refuges each year, with at least a similar number also being refered to other types of safe accommodation. Such measures are clearly not undertaken lightly with the average woman only entering a refuge after an average of 28 separate assaults. One can only speculate at the long term effects that this can have on both the mother and the children. In common with the other papers reviewed, this paper also calls for greater levels of support for the families concerned as, by inference, the current levels of effectiveness of the family support services is clearly inadequate. Conclusions This review has specifically presented a number of papers which have been chosen from a much larger number that have been accessed and assessed, because of the fact that each has a particularly important issue or factor in its construction or results. The issue that we have set out to evaluate is the effectiveness of the family support services which are specifically aimed at reducing the stress levels for the parents of children in need. Almost without exception, all of the papers that have been accessed (quite apart from those presented) have demonstrated the fact that the levels of support from the statutory bodies is â€Å"less than optimum† and in some cases it can only be described as â€Å"dire†. Another factor that is a common finding, is that, given the fact that any welfare system is, by its very nature, a rationed system, the provision of the services that are provided is seldom targeted at the groups that need it the most. One can cite the Tischler (et al 2000) and Downey (et al 1999) papers in particular as demonstrating that a substantial proportion of the resources mobilised are actually being directed to groups that are either not requesting support or who demonstrably need it less than other sectors of the community. Some of the papers (actually a small proportion) make positive suggestions about the models for redirecting and targeting support. Sadly, the majority do little more than call for â€Å"more research to be done on the issue†. In overview, we would have to conclude that the evidence suggests that the effectiveness of the family support services in reducing stress and poverty for the parents of children in need is poor at best and certainly capable of considerable improvement. References Bassuk, E. Buckner, J. Weinreb, L. et al (1997),  Homelessness in female-headed families: childhood and adult risk and protective factors.   American Journal of Public Health, 87, 241–248 1997 Berwick D 2005 Broadening the view of evidence-based medicine Qual. Saf. Health Care, Oct 2005; 14: 315 316. Black D. 1996,  Childhood bereavement: distress and long term sequelae can be lessened by early intervention.   BMJ 1996; 312: 1496,   Black D. 1998,  Coping with loss: bereavement in childhood.   BMJ 1998; 316: 931-933,   BPA 1999,  British Paediatric Association. Outcome measures for child health.   London: Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 1999.    Brooks RM, Ferguson T, Webb E. 1998,  Health services to children resident in domestic violence shelters.   Ambulatory Child Health 1998; 4: 369-374.    Cumella, S. Grattan, E. Vostanis, P.

Equity in Human Resource Management Essay -- Equity Theory, Need-Hiera

Equity in Human Resource Management Introduction The effective Human Resource Management in an organization requires an exceptional standard set for motivation, job design, reward system and equity. Nowadays, people are more willing to avoid unfair treatment in the workplace than any other aspect. The fundamental concept behind Equity is an attempt to balance what has been put in and taken out at the workplace with a feeling of justice being served. Unconsciously, values are assigned to many various contributions made to the organization, hence causing an air of misbalance in the environment. There has always been a disparity in the view on the desirability or the cost effectiveness of policy measures. The importance of equity or reducing discrimination has gained a lot of attention in the labour market (Milkovich, Newman & Ratnam, 2009). History The importance of Human Resource management is associated with the beginning of mankind. As the knowledge of survival had begun including safety, health, hunting and gathering, tribal leaders passed on the knowledge to their youth. However more advanced HRM functions were developed as early as 1000 B.C and 2000 B.C. Since the modern management theory took over, the working environment was transformed into a more friendly and safe work place. The workers were termed as most valuable resources. While some companies took the human side of employment seriously, there were others who did not find it mandatory. Hence they faced huge labor unions and factory shut downs (Henning, 2001). The first ever corporate employment department formed for labor concern was created by the B.F. Goodrich Company during 1900. In the 1960s and 1970s the federal government enforced fair treatment of... ...ir conflicts resolutions and motivations. Some measures which can help a human resource management department to impart equity would include but not limited to competitive salary, fringe benefits, career progression, gender, personal development, promotion etc are few variables which HRM require to look after to keep employees motivated. Through such measures, the companies can reduce the probability of employee dissatisfaction, non compliance with the standards and regulations and hence reduced chances of legal actions. It is essential that if organizations need to keep their employees motivated through managing equity, they are required to constantly monitor their employees through various surveys and research tools. Latest techniques emerging from the research may be applied on human resource so that they have direction and motivation for the organization. 

Bilingual Acquisition

Through various observations and experiences that the public witnessed regarding bilingualism and learning second languages, the people have formed particular beliefs, opinions, and ideologies about language and communication, as well as the nature or characteristics of second language learners and the learning environments they are subjected into.These beliefs, opinions, and ideologies, even generalizations are extremely significant in shaping the structure or framework of education in terms of bilingualism and second language learning considering the situations of the learners because they provide the academic community with significant information that will help professionals in making well-informed decisions regarding the matter at hand. For instance, people may communicate their thoughts about various teaching strategies that efficiently provide learning opportunities for second language learners that were designed to accomplish the goals and objectives of bilingual education.So metimes, the involvement of the public to academic affairs helps in fostering collaborative relationships that further improves the landscape of education. With this in mind, one of the most important issues regarding bilingual education shall be discussed in the remainder of this text, determining how second language learners learn best and identifying how the issue shall be settled for the adaptation of academic institutions under the context of bilingual education.This particular issue challenges the framework of bilingual education because it criticizes how pedagogical processes designed for second language learners facilitate the transfer of knowledge efficiently and appropriately meeting established goals and objectives of bilingualism. Apparently, there had been much debate on the risks, difficulties, and challenges involved during the process of bilingual acquisition due to the perceived results or outcomes from the learning process that do not meet standards, guidelines, go als, and objectives of bilingual education.For critiques of bilingual acquisition, learning two languages at the same time influences what and how second language learners will learn, particularly grammatical structures and functions. They postulate that there will be learning delays if the pedagogical processes implemented for bilingual education is compared with those applied for monolingual education.Although critiques have developed an acceptable position that transforms how bilingual education and acquisition is viewed, I believe that thorough investigation on the matter supported by various research studies will support how bilingual education is made efficient by implementing pedagogical processes based on bilingual acquisition. This discourse shall focus on disproving the aforementioned claim about bilingual acquisition and look to support arguments through a series of discussions gained from various reputable and valid sources.Going over these issues thoroughly and comprehe nsively is extremely important because understanding how learners will be able to learn through bilingual acquisition matches the landscape of society at present time. GLOBALIZATION AND BILINGUAL EDUCATION I believe that bilingualism is rooted on globalization which initiates worldwide interaction between people from different nations. Globalization facilitates the growth and development of economies, cooperation and sharing between governments and politics, unity among cultures, and so on. However, one of the challenges faced by globalization is communication.For this reason, there had been an impending need in the past to look for means by which interaction among nations was to be facilitated by discovering communication strategies and techniques. Under these pretexts, bilingual education was developed and its foundation fortified in order to cultivate the aims and objectives of globalization. (Sonntag, 2003) For these reasons, tackling issues that either shape or debunk bilingual education is severely important because its results or outcomes instantly affect the situations that society will consequently experience.By realizing the advantages and disadvantages, strengths and weaknesses, nature and features of bilingual education society will become aware of its importance in developing the landscape of our world based on the demands and concerns of our society at present time. We shall be able to make valuable decisions on how we are to develop and improve education, particularly bilingual education, in order for people to obtain comprehensive and essential knowledge and skills to become productive and indispensable members of society. ANSWERING CHALLENGES TO BILINGUAL ACQUISITIONThe primary critique towards bilingual acquisition constitutes tendencies that impede learning and education rather than foster it in children. The critique hypothesis has something to do with how the process of simultaneously learning two languages might affect how learners will u nderstand and apply grammatical rules and structures during communication. This concern was focused on the possibility that learners might confuse the grammatical structure of one language with the grammatical structure of another developing inefficient and erroneous language use and communication.However, several research studies have proved that this argument or hypothesis is not true. Two research studies which were conducted to determine how early exposure to the target language of learning influences learning development and capabilities. These two studies revealed that early exposure to the target language does indeed strengthen the foundations of language learning and is more likely to exhibit positive results or outcomes. The first study conducted by Newport (1990) focused on proving the influence of maturational constraints in learning the American Sign Language or ASL.The second study by Mayberry, Lock, and Kazmi (2002) was centered on comparing the task performances betwe en learners who had no early experiences of the target signed and spoken languages and those who experienced learning situations for the purpose of obtaining knowledge and skills on the target signed and spoken languages. Both studies have revealed that exposure to the target language, whether it be signed or spoken, is more likely to contribute to advanced development of linguistic capabilities later in life despite differences on the level of maturity exhibited by children as compared to adults.This particular conclusions prove how exposing children with the target language early on is important in helping build a strong foundation for linguistic learning and capabilities that shall materialize until adulthood. Caruthers, Laurence, & Stich (2005) talked about how the competencies and capabilities of children are often undermined. What some people fail to realize, especially critiques of bilingual acquisition in children, is how this specific population as young as they are, are ab le to exhibit linguistic competence that is comparable to the knowledge and skills obtained by adults.By obtaining evidences from the poverty of stimulus argument and facts gained from psycholinguistic investigations on the language and communication skills of children, Caruthers, Laurence, & Stich (2005) proved that children are similarly capable of achieving competence in linguistics in the same way that adults do. In this particular study, children were described to be capable of looking beyond their experiences and determine the differences between languages used in various settings and situations.Moreover, the language input that children obtain from learning serve as guides for them in order to distinguish between their native language and the target language even if the nature of the input does not match their previous experiences. This means that children are naturally capable of learning second languages by looking beyond their previous experiences and native language, and distinguishing the second language through symbolisms and interpretations.In previous discussions, the innate learning capabilities of children were explored in order to emphasize how children are able to learn two languages efficiently despite differences in language or grammar structures between the learner’s native language and the target language. This argument was supported by research studies conducted by Newport (1990), Mayberry, Lock, & Kazmi (2002), and Caruthers, Laurence, & Stich (2005) which support the hypothesis that there is no learning gaps between children and adults.Exposure to the target language at an early age does in fact establish continuity to a child’s learning competence towards adulthood. This particular idea dismisses the previous argument stated to critique bilingual acquisition which states that simultaneous language learning will cause developmental delays in language, because the process results to the opposite. Studies have confirmed th at early exposure leads to impressive competence on language in later life.Supporting these arguments were the claims revealed about the innate characteristics of children who are able to perceive different languages despite their previous experiences from their native language. Children have been said to be naturally perceptive who can distinguish the differences between various languages simply because they do not relate their earlier experiences and their native language with a second or foreign language.This particular finding also dismisses the arguments presented against bilingual acquisition that relates the simultaneous learning of second languages to confusion regarding grammar usage or conflicts between the native language and the target language which leads to poor communication among children who were believed to be incapable of distinguishing grammatical and structural differences among various languages. In Ng & Wigglesworth’s (2007) discussions on bilingualism and language acquisition, they dismiss assumptions on the child’s innate capabilities as determinants of bilingual competence.For Ng & Wigglesworth (2007), bilingual competence exhibited by children is influenced by external factors independent of the child. Therefore, assumptions that children may not be able to handle second language learning because of their inability to distinguish between grammatical forms and structures exhibited by two different languages are incoherent simply because it was based on a limited construct which does not consider all the factors and aspects involved in the process.According to Ng & Wigglesworth (2007), the efficiency and frequency of interaction influences how language, particularly a second language, is acquired or learned. This means that although learning is generally known to be influenced by personality, self-motivation, and innate characteristics, the quality of instruction or interaction and the frequency by which instruction or in teraction take place affects the bilingual competence of children.Therefore, if some people argue that bilingual acquisition might not be the best strategies in the transfer of language and communication skills, we say, based on Ng & Wigglesworth’s (2007) illustrations that the feared or perceived outcomes of bilingual acquisition – that is, conflicts on grammatical forms and structures between the first and the second language – may be prevented by focusing on developing a strong foundation that shall stand by bilingual education. This means that the success of learning and bilingual acquisition is dependent therefore on how language is taught and learned.Pressly & McCormick’s (2006) discussions on bilingualism and cognitive development support Ng & Wigglesworth’s (2007) arguments. For Pressly & McCormick (2006), enhancing the bilingual or linguistic competencies of second language learners is dependent on the methods of instruction. Moreover, in several studies comparing bilingual and monolingual students, it has been found out that the awareness of bilingual students that they obtained from their exposure to two different languages contributed to their cognitive development, and thus, helped in letting them differentiate grammatical structures between both languages.CONCLUSION From previous discussions, we have found out that perceptions regarding flaws of bilingual acquisition are annullable. This is because evidences from research studies have pointed out that the innate capabilities of children, the external factors that contribute to bilingual acquisition, and the comparison between bilingual and monolingual learners, prove that children should not be undermined by supposing they will not be able to handle the process of acquiring two languages simultaneously.These findings imply that academic institutions should focus on strengthening the quality of bilingual education in order to further the cognitive growth and deve lopment of bilingual learners. Further research studies should focus on how bilingual education is to be transformed in order to meet high standards and guidelines of second language learning and linguistic competence that are not only precursors to personal growth and development and nation-building through productiveness, but also in meeting the demands of a globalized and multicultural society that relies so much on communication and interaction.ReferencesCaruthers, P. , Laurence, S. , & Stich, S. P. (2005). The Innate Mind: Structure and Contents. United States: Oxford University Press. Damon, W. , et. al. (2006). Handbook of Child Psychology, 6th Ed. John Wiley and Sons. Mayberry, R. I. , Lock, E. , & Kazmi, H. (2002). Linguistic Ability and Early Language Exposure. Nature, Vol. 417, p. 38. Macmillan Magazines Ltd. Ng, B. C. & Wigglesworth, G. (2007). Bilingualism.An Advanced Resource Book. Oxford, UK: Routledge. Pressly, M. & McCormick, C. (2006). Child and Adolescent Developm ent for Educators. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Newport, S. K. (1990). Maturational Constraints on Language Learning. Cognitive Science 14, 11-28. Rochester, New York: University of Rochester. Sonntag, S. K. (2003). The Local Politics of Global English: Case Studies in Linguistic Globalization. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.

Motivational Strategy and Action Plan Essay

Determine the motivational strategy or strategies that would likely be most appropriate for each of your three employees on basis of their individual characteristics. Indicate how you would leverage their employee evaluations to motivate each of the three employees. Describe one or more of the motivational theories and explain how the theories connect to each of your selected motivational strategies. Team Member Name Summary of Individual Characteristics Motivational Strategy and Action Plan Relevant Theory Tina Engaged Passionate Persistent Inspirational Leader Happy Emotional stable This employee would not really need much motivation, since already in engaged, passionate and is a leader at work. I would suggest that the employee uses an action plan to continue with positive attitude. Also since the employee has passed reviews, to advance in progress with promotions in the company. McClelland theory is relevant to this situation. It relates to this situation because for the most part the employee is happy at the job. Brittany Competitive Good communicator Influential Independent Emotional Quick thinker This employee shouldn’t much motivation since she is so competitive. However we could motivate her to be more engaged and happy at job since so emotional. An action plan for this strategy would be to assign her to do task she is interested and likes to do that are easy and take little thought since she is a quick thinker. This situation relates to the self-efficiency theory because employee is independent. She likes to do things on her own and feels she can. Denise Timid Considerate Neutral decision maker Eager Happy with job Encouraging This employee needs motivation in company involvement in communication since timid and shy. She can demonstrate these skills in an action plan by being more involved in conferences, presentations, and meetings. This situation could be also related to the McClelland theory because for the employee is happy with job, but there is room for opportunity.

All Good Things Must Come to an End Essay Essay Example

All Good Things Must Come to an End Essay Essay Example All Good Things Must Come to an End Essay Essay All Good Things Must Come to an End Essay Essay Essay Topic: The God Of Small Things The astonishing thing about literature is that it can be interrupted otherwise by each individual who reads it. Which means that while one piece of authorship is astonishing. originative. and witty to one individual to another individual it could be the most deadening. uninteresting. and excess piece of literature they have of all time read. In this semester of Literature 221. I was given the chance to read plants from many different genres. clip periods. and manners of authorship. Some of which. like Emily Dickinson’s Life I and Life XLIII. Joyce Carol Oates’ Where Are You Traveling. Where Have You Been? . and Sherman Alexie’s What You Pawn I Will Deliver I exhaustively enjoyed and learned from. While others such as Ernest Hemingway’s Big Two-Hearted River. Mark Twain’s extract When The Buffalo Climbed a Tree from Rough ining It. and the extract from Sula by Toni Morrison weren’t precisely my cup of tea. Emily Dickinson is a singular poet who frequently writes from a really emotional and introspective position. This is why I truly enjoyed the two choices of her work we had to read this semester. In her first poem Life I. the really first two lines make you halt and believe. â€Å"I’M cipher! Who are you? Are you cipher. excessively? † ( Dickinson 2 ) Bam! I was hit in the face with self-reflection. Am I person? Or am I a cipher? Emily Dickinson continues by stating â€Å"how drab to be person! † ( Dickinson2 ) as if to be person is a bad thing. I love that Emily Dickinson inquiries the political orientation of holding to be surrounded by people and holding to invariably be in a limelight. Every move that you make is questioned and examined by people. Alternatively of being able to populate for yourself and for your ain felicity you are forced to populate by the manner society sees you. It made me see that possibly it genuinely is better to be a happy. content cipher. In her poem Life XLIII. Dickinson once more made me hesitate and self-reflect but this clip on the beauty of the human head and it’s capablenesss. In this verse form she states that the encephalon is â€Å"wider than the sky† . â€Å"deeper than the sea† . and â€Å"is merely the weight of God† ( Dickinson 3 ) . The sky. the sea. and God. Three powerful. endless. and even omnipotent to the human oculus and yet the encephalon is more than that because it has the capableness to conceive of all of it. You can keep images of God. the sea. and God all in your head. Dickson wrote these verse forms with such beautiful imagination that truly does do a reader halt and believe. This is why her plants are among my favourite reads from this semester. Joyce Carol Oates brought a existent life consecutive slayer to life in her narrative Where Are You Traveling. Where Have You Been? Based off the existent slayings of Charles Howard Schmid Jr. . Oates tells the narrative of Arnold Friend and a immature miss named Connie and the events that would finally take up to Connie’s slaying. I loved this narrative because Oates gave a existent voice to the existent life victims of Schmid. While an article by the Daily News stated that. â€Å"Despite his creepiness. ladies loved Smitty† ( commendation here intelligence article ) in Oates’ narrative it was made apparent that Connie wanted nil to make with Friend and alternatively she tried to name the bull and even told him to â€Å"Get the snake pit out of here! † ( Oates 340 ) When I read a tragic intelligence article I will experience sorrow for the victim and their households for a minute and so travel on with my life and bury about them. Yet when I read a piece of work that captures my psyche and truly moves me to experience emotionally about a character as if they were a existent individual. I can remember them for old ages afterwards. Oates’ made me experience for Connie because she gave her a background of a beautiful miss with a female parent who disapproved of all she did and invariably compared her to her more plain sister. June. â€Å"Why don’t you keep your room clean like your sister? How’ve you got your hair? xed- what the snake pit malodors? Hair spray? You don’t see your sister utilizing that debris. † ( Oates 333 ) A miss that may hold been despairing for love and attending. Suddenly. in my head. Oates’ has non merely weaved a persistent narrative of immature. naif miss who made errors and talked to the incorrect alien on the incorrect twenty-four hours but she besides made me experience for the existent life victims of Schmid. Suddenly they became more than mere ly names on a page and their names. Alleen Rowe. Gretchen and Wendy Fritz. will everlastingly be in my head and likely infinite others who have read her work and cognize who it was based on. While Oates’ is a gifted author and her words were attractively written the ground her piece stands out as one of my favourites of this semester were for the deeper significance and the bequest she left for the victims of a cruel. ill. distorted adult male. A reader can non assist but root for a character who has redeemable qualities despite whatever uneven. petroleum. or socially unacceptable behavior they may exhibit. Such is the instance in my concluding favourite piece of composing from this semester. Sherman Alexie’s What You Pawn I Will Deliver. In this narrative of a homeless. alcoholic. money staggering Spokane. Washington Native American Indian named Jackson Jackson. a reader can non assist but fall in love with his spirit of ceaseless generousness and unbreakable ties with tradition and household. Alexie’s peculiar manner of composing gave visible radiation to Jackson’s apparently uncaring. lazy. and unapologetically unmotivated he attitude in a manner that a reader can non assist but happen merely a small spot amusing. It is written in first individual from the joging head of Jackson and lines such as â€Å"Piece by piece. I disappeared. And I’ve been vanishing of all time since. But I’m no n traveling to state you any more about my encephalon or my soul† ( commendation here page 401 ) made me laugh out lou01d at the standoffish behaviour of this character. Jackson was unable to keep a occupation. any of his matrimonies. or his relationships with his kids. In fact. the lone thing he did look capable of keeping was a changeless drunken daze throughout the full narrative. Yet when he came upon his Grandmother’s stolen regalia at a local pawn store he was determined to happen a manner to raise the $ 999 needed to rebuy this long lost household heirloom and return it to its rightful topographic point. Each clip he managed to gain or was gifted money for his mission he could non assist but instantly pass it. However he was neer selfish with his disbursement. He made certain that whatever he was given he shared with his fellow Indian. Never even coming near to doing the necessary money to purchase it do but still I found myself heartening him on. Because of his generousness. I was rooting for him to happen a manner to buy back that cherished connexion to his household. And in the terminal. despite neer really pull offing to get the necessary hard currency. the pawn proprietor returned the regalia to Jackson. and I inside joying in his success. And Alexie captured the lesson for me in this idea. â€Å"Do you cognize how many good work forces live i n this universe? Too many to number! † ( Alexie 415 ) Alexie challenged the stereotypes of a good individual because he showed that even a bibulous individual who is unsuccessful in every social criterion can be a good individual because he is a sort. generous psyche. This is the ground why this is another of my favourites from this semester’s readings. When thought of a literary fable a name like Ernest Hemingway frequently comes to mind. yet in this semester’s reading of Large Two-Hearted River. Mr. Hemingway missed the grade for me. While I appreciate the construct of a post-war soldier enduring from PTSD. I had a difficult clip truly acquiring into this piece. Hemingway’s normally used iceberg principle manner of authorship was evident in this piece with its overall deficiency of a significant secret plan and its apparently ceaseless descriptions of merely about everything. It is merely non a manner that appealed to me as a reader. I found it deadening and highly long. The symbolism was frequently obscured by the unneeded descriptions of the environing scenery. â€Å"On the left. where the hayfield ended and the forests began. a great elm tree was uprooted. Gone over in a storm. it lay back into the forests. its roots clotted with soil. grass turning in them. lifting a solid bank beside the watercourse. The river cut to the border of the uprooted tree. † ( Hemingway 262 ) It merely seemed inordinate and unnecessary to me. While this is decidedly one of my least favourite of this semester’s readings. I have to state that Hemingway was a beautiful wordsmith who could do you experience as though you were portion of the narrative. In this sentence. â€Å"He sat on the logs. smoke. drying in the Sun. the Sun warm on his dorsum. the river shoal in front come ining the forests. swerving into the forests. shoals. light glistening. large water-smooth stones. cedars along the bank and white birches. the logs warm in the Sun. smooth to sit on. without bark. grey to the touch ; easy the feeling of letdown left him† ( Hemingway 262 ) you can practically experience the heat of the Sun on your dorsum and the alleviation that Nick feels as if a load was lifted from your ain thorax. This narrative had some beautiful imagination overall though it was merely non a narrative I enjoyed reading. Mark Twain is an inspirational author with astonishing endowment and has written some singular classics. However. the extract from Rough ining It When the Buffalo Climbed a Tree. will non be fall ining my list of his darling chef-doeuvres. Alternatively I found this fictional history boring to read and establish myself floating off to kip piece at the same clip seeking to understand the peculiar slang used in this piece. The storyteller of the bulk of this narrative was a character named Bemis whose manner of address was joging and extraordinary. For illustration. â€Å"Well. I was foremost out on his cervix – the horse’s. non the bull’s- and so underneath. and following on his hindquarters. and sometimes head up. and sometimes heels- but I tell you it seemed grave and atrocious to be rending and rupturing and transporting on so in the presence of decease. as you might state. † ( Twain 16 ) I can merely conceive of Bemis being this rambling. sap stating this pathetic narrative with no stoping in sight. It was merely wash uping and mindless garbage that did non win in doing me believe about anything significant or self-reflect which are qualities I instead enjoy when reading. I understand that harmonizing to Mark Twain. â€Å"to threading incongruousnesss and absurdnesss together in a roving and sometimes purposeless manner. and seem innocently unaware that they absurdnesss. is the footing of American art†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Twain 13 ) and he accomplished that undertaking attractively. However. it is merely non a manner that appealed to me and I struggled to bask reading this narrative. This semester was my first clip reading any of Toni Morrison’s works. The extract from Sula was all of over the map for me. I had a difficult clip decoding any existent secret plan. It started off with two 12 old ages old misss walking through town and acquiring objectified by the work forces in the town. And if it wasn’t bad plenty that two immature misss were being gawked at by adult work forces. the misss really seemed to bask it. â€Å"So. when he said â€Å"pig meat† as Nel and Sula passed. they guarded their eyes lest person see their delectation. † ( Morrison 346 ) That line made my skin crawl with arrant disgust. Then all of a sudden the misss are playing near a lake when a immature male child named Chicken Little ends up submerging before their very eyes and their lone reaction was â€Å"Nel radius? rst. ‘Somebody saw. ’† ( Morrison 351 ) I had a difficult clip reading a narrative about such loss of artlessness at such a immatu re age. Morrison’s authorship was beautiful and capturing. The lone ground this makes my least favourites list from this semester was I merely truly felt ill the full I was reading it. Wholly horrified by these immature misss lives and saddened by the fact that many girls’ lives of this clip period were like this. This semester of Literature 221 was full of astonishing pieces of composing. Narratives that wholly delighted. inspired. and captured my bosom like those from Emily Dickinson. Joyce Carol Oates. and Sherman Alexie. Equally good as others who. for me. merely did none of those things such as those from Ernest Hemingway. Mark Twain. and Toni Morrison. Overall I truly enjoyed this category. I felt as though most of the forums gave me the chance to portion my ideas on each piece every bit good as opened my eyes to different positions. If I could give any constructive unfavorable judgment it would be that sometimes I felt as if I could non quite fitting outlooks in the essay demands because I felt as though they were non clearly stated. Other than that. I exhaustively enjoyed this category and I feel as though I learned a batch. It decidedly has made me look frontward to taking other literature categories in the hereafter. Plants CitedAlexie. Sherman. â€Å"What You Pawn I Will Redeem† American Literature Since the Civil War. Create edition. McGraw-Hill. 2011. 401-415. e-Book. Dickinson. Emily. â€Å"Life I A ; XLIII American Literature Since the Civil War. Create edition. McGraw-Hill. 2011. 2-3. e-Book. Hemingway. Ernest. â€Å"Big Two Hearted River. † American Literature Since the Civil War. Create edition. McGraw-Hill. 2011. 253-264. E-book. Morrison. Toni. â€Å"From Sula. † American Literature Since the Civil War. Create edition. McGraw-Hill. 2011. 346-354. e-Book. Oates. Joyce Carol. â€Å"Where Are You Traveling. Where Have You Been? † American Literature Since the Civil War. Create edition. McGraw-Hill. 2011. 333-344. e-Book. Couple. Mark. â€Å"From Rough ining It. When The Buffalo Climbed a Tree. † American Literature Since the Civil War. Create edition. McGraw-Hill. 2011. 16-18. e-Book. Couple. Mark. â€Å"How To State a Story† American Literature Since the Civil War. Create edition. McGraw-Hill. 2011. 12-15. e-Book.

small business Essay Example

small business Essay Example small business Essay small business Essay small business BY 7us3tn Contents Introduction and Background Information In our coffee shop we will produce pizza, sandwich donut, shisha, coffee, tea, Juice, donut and sweets to customer. Also service we have some service such as draw customer, give charge for telephone on every table and internet WIFI service. When we search about the location for our coffee shop we identify three locations Manama or Jidali or in Mall but we select the Jidali road because Manama not have enough barking and the mall the rent will be high. In our idea we start our business after six onth because we are studying now and we should be have lot of time to focus in sandwich and draw customer. We have some goals we need apply it in the future: Short term aims: 1 . Understand customer believe 2. Attract as we can customer. 3. Give the customer service at high quality. 4. Get good profit. Long term aims: 1 . Open new brunch when our coffee is acceptable be customer. 2. Establish image for our business and improve it. 3. Open new branch in outside of Bahrain. The cost of business is the all money we are pays it for running our business such as expenses and fixed assts. Type of cost Such as Purchase / Rent / Paid Amount (BD) Premises The workplace Rent 300 Equipment Machine (Oven, Fridge, etc ) Purchase Furniture Chairs, Tables, etc Supplies Stock purchase 1850 (for first six month) Running cost Insurance, advertising, telephone bill, Electricity Water bill Paid 4000 (for first six month) Staff Salary, insurance Paid 4500 (for first six month) We select HSBC to get loan and Tamkeen will support us to paid 50% of the interest. Because we are 4 we can get BD 20000 (5000BD for every member). Executive summary We will open coffee shop and in this coffee shop we will sell food and provide special services for our customer. In our idea the location of our business will be in Jidali and we think we can open it after six month. Our idea is creative and the customer will like our coffee shop. In our mind we need attract the customer by provide good service and get good profit. In future we need expand our business. Our business is small business we are managing the business. Of course we need the money but their things also required to running our business such as people to work to do the work. In the production process our business need machine required to running the work also need the material and employees need also for the work. The layout of the coffee shop should be arranged in suitable way and we arrange it in our own to be acceptable for all customer. For the marketing plan we select some way to attract the customer such as give coupon to special customer, all food and service free for opening day, put advertisement in newspaper and magazine and distribute the image for our business. We have clear organization structure and distribute the roles between us in the work every partner get responsibility on one department. For the financial plan we select get loan to cover the shortage and start our business with strong capital. We expect in first six month we dont have so much profit we focus on build name for our business. Description of Business We select coffee shop to Join to the market. It is success business today most of people spend their time in this place and we can take advantage of it by attract the customer in short time. Also we have new idea by provide new style sandwich and pizza in Bahrain and their drawing customer this idea our business will be more successful. As we said in the introduction we start our business after six month but before we open it we go to Jidali to see the best location in our option because the ocation is important for the business to be successful. Also we should provision request to the Ministry of Commerce for our business to give us Commercial Register. Then after we get the Commercial Register and select the location we identify the important resource to our business we should have equipment, material, energy source, financial resources, physical resources and human resources. The important resource: Equipment: We should some important machine for our business such as: For the cook activates: 2. Dishwasher 3. Meat and Chicken Cutter 4. Vegetable Cutter 5. Cooking Ovens 6. Oven-Baked Bread 7. Refrigerators Cooling 8. Blender Juice 9. Frying Potatoes 10. Frying Electric Fillet And Burger 12. The Coffee And Tea Maker 13. Ice Making Machine 14. Microwave 15. Blender Cake Some important things for the running business 2. Tables and Chairs 3. Gas Cylinders 4. Crews Of Utensils Material: We need the material to make our product. And this includes: 1. Meats 2. Chickens 3. Vegetable 4. Fruits 5. Cheese 6. Milk 7. Drinking water 8. Spices 9. Ketchup 10. Mayonnaise 11. Oil 12. salt 13. Mustard 14. Flour 15. Yeast 16. Baking Powder 17. Bicarbonate of Sodium 18. Cream 19. Eggs 20. Chocolates 21 . Flavours For Cream And Cake 2. Sugar Brown Sugar 23. Biscuits 25. Jam 26. Milk Powder 27. Starch 28. Cream Caramel 29. Custard Powder 30. Jelly 31 . Chocolate Syrup 32. Strawberry Syrup 33. Caramel Syrup 34. Semolina 35. Cappuccino Powder 36. -rea 37. Coffey 38. Butter 39. honeyed 40. Sweet Pastry Energy-source 1. Gas 2. coal 3. Water 4. Electricity Financial resources: For our business we select HSBC to get loan and Tamkeen will support us to paid 50% of the interest. Because we are 4 we can get BD 20000 (5000BD for every member). Physical resources The business need place to start and running the operation and the location of the lace should be suitable for this type of business. Because this the business need: 1 . Suitable building. 2. Car parking. 3. Toilet and washing inside the building human resources: Our business needs people to running the operation in the coffee shop. So in our business we need choose perfect and good staff to achieve the goals and success the business. The size of our business: huge capital to start this business. The small business can help us to start slowly in the market and in the time we will growth our work. Total cost of first six month: May be same this. Type of cost 2000 Number of employees required: We are four owners we will take the managing of the business and we need eight employees under us to running the work. The expected sales turnover: 2 3 4 5 6 Cash Sales 1200 1 500 1950 Production plan We have product to produce it to the customer we should have Oven-Baked Bread to break the pastry and Cooking Ovens to cook the foods to the customer because this the kitchen should have the all necessary equipment for cooking all our goods. Production program production program Sl. NO name of product total quantity production per day per month per year Special Donut Pizza 10 3600 Pizza (meat, chicken, etc 5 750 Donut sandwich 14400 Shisha 2400 28800 Coffee -rea 3000 36000 7 Large Juice 20 7200 8 Medium Juice 10800 9 Small Juice 50 18000 Donut 2700 32400 11 1800 21600 12 Crossan 65 23400 13 Chess sandwich 70 2100 25200 Physical plant layout of the coffee shop Machinery and Equipment Name and specifications of machinery Total no. required price per unit Total price name of suppliers Dish washer BHD Geant 360. 000 Meat and Chicken Cutter 500. 000 Vegetable Cutter 20. 000 Cooking Ovens 350 BHD 700. 000 Almoayyed Oven-Baked Bread BHD 500. 000 Refrigerators Cooling 220 BHD 660. 000 Lemarche Blender Juice

Sima de los Huesos, a Key to Human Evolution

Sima de los Huesos, a Key to Human Evolution The Sima de los Huesos (Pit of Bones in Spanish and typically abbreviated as SH) is a lower Paleolithic site, one of several important sections of the Cueva Mayor-Cueva del Silo cave system of the Sierra de Atapuerca in north-central Spain. With a total of at least 28 individual hominid fossils now firmly dated to 430,000 years old, SH is the largest and oldest collection of human remains yet discovered. Site Context The bone pit at Sima de los Huesos is at the bottom of the cave, beneath an abrupt vertical shaft measuring between 2-4 meters (6.5-13 feet) in diameter, and located about .5 kilometers (~1/3 of a mile) in from the Cueva Mayor entrance. That shaft extends downward approximately 13 m (42.5 ft), ending just above the Rampa (Ramp), a 9 m (30 ft) long linear chamber inclined about 32 degrees. At the foot of that ramp is deposit called the Sima de los Huesos, a smoothly oblong chamber measuring 8x4 m (26x13 ft) with irregular ceiling heights between 1-2 m (3-6.5 ft). In the roof of the eastern side of the SH chamber is another vertical shaft, which extends upwards some 5 m (16 ft) to where it is blocked by cave collapse. Human and Animal Bones The sites archaeological deposits include a bone-bearing breccia, mixed with many large fallen blocks of limestone and mud deposits. The bones are mainly composed of at least 166 Middle Pleistocene cave bears (Ursus deningeri) and at least 28 individual humans, represented by more than 6,500 bone fragments including over 500 teeth alone. Other identified animals in the pit include extinct forms of Panthera leo (lion), Felis silvestris (wildcat), Canis lupus (grey wolf), Vulpes vulpes (red fox), and Lynx pardina splaea (Pardel lynx). Relatively few of the animal and human bones are articulated; some of the bones have tooth marks from where carnivores have chewed on them. The current interpretation of how the site came to be is that all the animals and humans fell into the pit from a higher chamber and were trapped and unable to get out. The stratigraphy and layout of the bone deposit suggest  the humans were somehow deposited in the cave before the bears and other carnivores. It is also possible- given the large amount of mud in the pit- that all the bones arrived in this low place in the cave through a series of mudflows. A third and quite controversial hypothesis is that the accumulation of human remains might be the result of mortuary practices (see the discussion of Carbonell and Mosquera below). The Humans A central question for the SH site has been and continues to be who were they? Were they Neanderthal, Denisovan, Early Modern Human, some mixture we havent yet recognized? With the fossil remains of 28 individuals who all lived and died about 430,000 years ago, the SH site has the potential to teach us a great deal about human evolution and how these three populations intersected in the past. Comparisons of nine human skulls and numerous cranial fragments representing at least 13 individuals were first reported in 1997 (Arsuaga et a.). A large variety in cranial capacity and other characteristics were detailed in the publications, but in 1997, the site was thought to be about 300,000 years old, and these scholars concluded that the Sima de los Huesos population was evolutionarily related to Neanderthals as a sister group, and could best fit into the then-refined species of Homo heidelbergensis. That theory was supported by results from a somewhat controversial method redating the site to 530,000 years ago (Bischoff and colleagues, see details below). But in 2012, paleontologist Chris Stringer argued that the 530,000-year-old dates were too old, and, based on morphological attributes, the SH fossils represented an archaic form of Neanderthal, rather than H. heidelbergensis. The latest data (Arsuago et al 2014) answers some of Stringers hesitations. Mitochondrial DNA at SH Research on the cave bear bones reported by Dabney and colleagues revealed that, astonishingly, mitochondrial DNA had been preserved at the site, much older than any other found to date anywhere. Additional investigations on the human remains from SH reported by Meyer and colleagues  redated the site to closer to 400,000 years ago. These studies also supply the surprising notion that the SH population shares some DNA with the  Denisovans, rather than the Neanderthals they look like (and, of course, we dont really know what a Denisovan looks like yet). Arsuaga and colleagues reported a study of 17 complete skulls from SH, agreeing with Stringer that, because of numerous Neanderthal-like characteristics of the crania and mandibles, the population does not fit the  H. heidelbergensis  classification. But the population is, according to the authors, significantly different from other groups such as those at Ceprano and  Arago  caves, and from other Neanderthals, and Arsuaga and colleagues now argue that a separate taxon should be considered for the SH fossils. Sima de los Huesos is now dated to 430,000 years ago, and that places it close to the age predicted for when the split in hominid species creating the Neanderthal and Denisovan lineages occurred. The SH fossils are thus central to the investigations concerning how that might have happened, and what our evolutionary history might be. Sima de los Huesos, a Purposeful Burial Mortality profiles (Bermudez de Castro and colleagues) of the SH population show a high representation of adolescents and prime-age adults  and a low percentage of adults between 20 and 40 years of age. Only one individual was under 10 at the time of death, and none were over 40-45 years old. Thats confusing, because, while 50% of the bones were gnaw-marked, they were in fairly good condition: statistically, say the scholars, there should be more children. Carbonell and Mosquera (2006) argued that Sima de los Huesos represents a purposeful burial, based partly on the recovery of a single quartzite  Acheulean handaxe  (Mode 2) and the complete lack of lithic waste or other habitation waste at all. If they are correct, and they are currently in the minority, Sima de los Huesos would be the earliest example of purposeful human burials known to date, by ~200,000 years or so. Evidence suggesting that at least one of the individuals in the pit died as a result of interpersonal violence was reported in 2015 (Sala et al. 2015). Cranium 17 has multiple impact fractures which occurred near the moment of death, and scholars believe this individual was dead at the time s/he was dropped into the shaft. Sala et al. argue that placing cadavers into the pit was indeed a social practice of the community.   Dating Sima de lost Huesos Uranium-series and Electron Spin Resonance dating of the human fossils reported in 1997 indicated a minimum age of about 200,000 and a probable age of greater than 300,000 years ago, which roughly matched the age of the mammals. In 2007, Bischoff and colleagues reported that a high-precision thermal-ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) analysis defines the minimum of deposits age as 530,000 years ago. This date led researchers to postulate that the SH hominids were at the beginning of the  Neanderthal  evolutionary lineage, rather than a contemporary, related sister group. However, in 2012, paleontologist Chris Stringer argued that, based on morphological attributes, the SH fossils represent an archaic form of Neanderthal, rather than  H. heidelbergensis, and that the 530,000-year-old date is too old. In 2014, excavators Arsuaga et al reported new dates from a suite of different dating techniques, including Uranium series (U-series) dating of speleothems, thermally transferred  optically stimulated luminescence  (TT-OSL) and post-infrared stimulated luminescence (pIR-IR) dating of sedimentary quartz and feldspar grains, electron spin resonance (ESR) dating of sedimentary quartz, combined ESR/U-series dating of fossil teeth, paleomagnetic analysis of sediments, and biostratigraphy. Dates from most of these techniques clustered around 430,000 years ago. Archaeology The first human fossils were discovered in 1976, by T. Torres, and the first excavations within this unit were conducted by the Sierra de Atapuerca Pleistocene site group under the direction of E. Aguirre. In 1990, this program was undertaken by J. L. Arsuaga, J. M. Bermudez de Castro, and E. Carbonell. Sources Arsuaga JL, Martà ­nez I, Gracia A, Carretero JM, Lorenzo C, Garcà ­a N, and Ortega AI. 1997.  Sima de los Huesos (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). The site.  Journal of Human Evolution  33(2–3):109-127. Arsuaga JL, Martà ­nez, Gracia A, and Lorenzo C. 1997a.  The Sima de los Huesos crania (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). A comparative study.  Journal of Human Evolution  33(2–3):219-281. Arsuaga JL, Martà ­nez I, Arnold LJ, Aranburu A, Gracia-Tà ©llez A, Sharp WD, Quam RM, Falguà ¨res C, Pantoja-Pà ©rez A, Bischoff JL et al. . 2014.  Neandertal roots: Cranial and chronological evidence from Sima de los Huesos.  Science  344(6190):1358-1363. doi: 10.1126/science.1253958 Bermà ºdez de Castro JM, Martinà ³n-Torres M, Lozano M, Sarmiento S, and Muelo A. 2004.  Paleodemography of the Atapuerca-Sima de los Huesos Hominin Sample: A revision and new appropaches to the paleodemongraphy of the European Middle Pleistocene population.  Journal of Anthropological Research  60(1):5-26. Bischoff JL, Fitzpatrick JA, Leà ³n L, Arsuaga JL, Falgueres C, Bahain JJ, and Bullen T. 1997.  Geology and preliminary dating of the hominid-bearing sedimentary fill of the Sima de los Huesos Chamber, Cueva Mayor of the Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain.  Journal of Human Evolution  33(2–3):129-154. Bischoff JL, Williams RW, Rosenbauer RJ, Aramburu A, Arsuaga JL, Garcà ­a N, and Cuenca-Bescà ³s G. 2007.  High-resolution U-series dates from the Sima de  Ã‚  Journal of Archaeological Science  34(5):763-770.los  Huesos hominids yields : implications for the evolution of the early Neanderthal lineage. Carbonell E, and Mosquera M. 2006.  The emergence of  a  symbolic   Comptes Rendus Palevol  5(1–2):155-160.behaviour: the  sepulchral pit of  Sima de  los  Huesos, Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain. Carretero J-M, Rodrà ­guez L, Garcà ­a-Gonzlez R, Arsuaga J-L, Gà ³mez-Olivencia A, Lorenzo C, Bonmatà ­ A, Gracia A, Martà ­nez I, and Quam R. 2012.  Stature estimation from complete long bones in the Middle Pleistocene humans from the Sima de  los  Huesos, Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain).  Journal of Human Evolution  62(2):242-255. Dabney J, Knapp M, Glocke I, Gansauge M-T, Weihmann A, Nickel B, Valdiosera C, Garcà ­a N, Pbo S, Arsuaga J-L et al. 2013.  Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a Middle Pleistocene cave bear reconstructed from ultrashort DNA fragments.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  110(39):15758-15763. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1314445110 Garcà ­a N, and Arsuaga JL. 2011.  The Sima de  Ã‚  Quaternary Science Reviews  30(11-12):1413-1419.los  Huesos (Burgos, northern Spain): palaeoenvironment and habitats of Homo heidelbergensis during the Middle Pleistocene. Garcà ­a N, Arsuaga JL, and Torres T. 1997.  The carnivore remains from the Sima de  Ã‚  Journal of Human Evolution  33(2–3):155-174.los  Huesos Middle Pleistocene site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). Gracia-Tà ©llez A, Arsuaga J-L, Martà ­nez I, Martà ­n-Francà ©s L, Martinà ³n-Torres M, Bermà ºdez de Castro J-M, Bonmatà ­ A, and Lira J. 2013.  Orofacial pathology in Homo heidelbergensis: The case of Skull 5 from the Sima de los Huesos site (Atapuerca, Spain).  Quaternary International  295:83-93. Hublin J-J. 2014.  How to build a Neandertal.  Science  344(6190):1338-1339. doi: 10.1126/science.1255554 Martinà ³n-Torres M, Bermà ºdez de Castro JM, Gà ³mez-Robles A, Prado-Simà ³n L, and Arsuaga JL. 2012.  Morphological description and comparison of the dental remains from Atapuerca-Sima de los Huesos site (Spain).  Journal of Human Evolution  62(1):7-58. Meyer, Matthias. A mitochondrial genome sequence of a hominin from Sima de los Huesos. Nature volume 505, Qiaomei Fu, Ayinuer Aximu-Petri, et al., Springer Nature Publishing AG, January 16, 2014. Ortega AI, Benito-Calvo A, Pà ©rez-Gonzlez A, Martà ­n-Merino MA, Pà ©rez-Martà ­nez R, Parà ©s JM, Aramburu A, Arsuaga JL, Bermà ºdez de Castro JM, and Carbonell E. 2013.  Evolution of multilevel caves in the Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain) and its relation to human occupation.  Geomorphology  196:122-137. Sala N, Arsuaga JL, Pantoja-Pà ©rez A, Pablos A, Martà ­nez I, Quam RM, Gà ³mez-Olivencia A, Bermà ºdez de Castro JM, and Carbonell E. 2015.  Lethal Interpersonal Violence in the Middle Pleistocene.  PLoS ONE  10(5):e0126589. Stringer C. 2012.  The status of Homo heidelbergensis (Schoetensack 1908).  Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews  21(3):101-107.

American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American History - Essay Example These images have a significant influence on the way students and historians perceive their past (Chrestien, 104). This paper evaluates a number of primary sources that accrue to the history of the first Americans while relating the sources in terms of their contributions to the current written history. In 1926, George McJunkin, an African-American cowboy, made a discovery that hugely changed the perception towards North America’s first natives (Johnson, 31). He spotted bleached bones while tracking lost cattle near Folsom, New Mexico but the bones were later found to belong to a bison species extinct for more than 10,000 years (Johnson, 33). The talk point of the discovery was the spearheads made of stone by humans found mixed with the bones, which meant that Indian ancestry could be traced back to thousands of years before the time thought by most of the 20th century authorities. As Johnson (48) asserts, the first Europeans who inhabited America in the 15th century believed that this was the new world but this discovery disapproved them as it was established that more that 20,000 years before, there were inhabitants in the area. There exist no documented records to affirm that diversity of societies in early America thrived, although the differences in cultural practices and languages were enough proof. In order to reshape this history, Johnson (66) believes that one has to look at the various primary sources of information, mainly archeological artifacts, which record the past behaviors of the humans. A wide range of artifacts that includes basket snippets, pottery fragments, oral traditions, discarded tools/ equipment, and food remains have been used by archeologists, anthropologists and historians to put together relevant pieces of information about the social organization, diet, and technology of these people and the changes they have gone through over time. In the 16th century, Chrestien (105) argues that Europeans believed that Indians originated from the Lost Tribes of Israel with reference to the Bible, while others associated their ancestry with the myth of the lost continent of Atlantis while another suggestion came from a Spanish missionary (Jose de Acosta) that the Indians are part of the small group of hunters that was driven away from their Asian homes by starvation and other hardships. The notion that America’s first habitats came from Asia is supported by physical anthropology. American natives and people of northeast Asia have common physical traits that form a strong line of evidence that North America was inhabited by Indians. These physical traits include (Johnson, 101); i. Straight black hair. ii. Wide cheekbones. iii. Shovel-shaped incisors. iv. Dark brown eyes. Bering Strait, which currently separates Siberia and Alaska, has been believed to be the area used by America’s pioneers to cross into North America (Johnson, 121). According to Johnson (122), this took place around 25,000 to 70,000 yea rs ago during one of the ice ages where large volumes of water froze into glaciers creating a land bridge between Alaska and Siberia. The land bridge is believed to have appeared twice; between 26,000 and 28, 000 years ago, and between 10,000-12,000 and 20,000 years ago (Johnson, 145). It is during this period that authorities believe Indians came into America as they followed the migratory patterns of animals which were their major source of food with the aid of the Beringia (the land bridge formed from the frozen waters) (Chrestien, 105).

Response Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Response Journal - Essay Example The explosion also killed 11 people instantly leaving several others seriously injured and in addition to blackening the Gulf coast (Taylor par. 2). It is two years since the disaster occurred and its devastating effects are still being felt. Experts reveal that all oil, approximated at about five million barrels, leaked spreading from the coast of Mexico to Florida. Houston is arguably the place that felt most of impacts of the incident which affected mainly wildlife and the environment, thereby raising ethical issues (Taylor par. 4). The main ethical problems present in this situation were to do with the destruction of the environment and wildlife by humans in the Gulf of Mexico and its environs. For instance, environmentalists reveal that the spill interfered with aquatic life as several marine animals were killed as a result. The other ethical issue that arose is that BP and its subcontractors were only concerned with cost saving without adequately assessing the hazardous risks. This in itself becomes unethical issue since BP concentrated only on cost saving and failing to put measures in place to ensure that their drilling processes were safe. The BP oil spill is also seen as an ethical issue for the reason that the company failed to minimize the impacts of the disaster for all those who were affected. The spill interfered with businesses and coastal beaches that are dependent on fishing and tourism. Furthermore, the oil spill was not only a health concern for residents of Houston but also to coastal businesses that lost millions of dollars due to the disaster. Oil that spilled underwater also affected all the aquatic animals throughout the gulf raising ethical concerns (Taylor par.6). In conclusion, the BP oil spill problem seems to have been caused by negligence on the parts of engineering who were building the deep-water horizon. To solve this problem, BP should always adhere to ethical practice when handling

Response Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Response Journal - Essay Example The explosion also killed 11 people instantly leaving several others seriously injured and in addition to blackening the Gulf coast (Taylor par. 2). It is two years since the disaster occurred and its devastating effects are still being felt. Experts reveal that all oil, approximated at about five million barrels, leaked spreading from the coast of Mexico to Florida. Houston is arguably the place that felt most of impacts of the incident which affected mainly wildlife and the environment, thereby raising ethical issues (Taylor par. 4). The main ethical problems present in this situation were to do with the destruction of the environment and wildlife by humans in the Gulf of Mexico and its environs. For instance, environmentalists reveal that the spill interfered with aquatic life as several marine animals were killed as a result. The other ethical issue that arose is that BP and its subcontractors were only concerned with cost saving without adequately assessing the hazardous risks. This in itself becomes unethical issue since BP concentrated only on cost saving and failing to put measures in place to ensure that their drilling processes were safe. The BP oil spill is also seen as an ethical issue for the reason that the company failed to minimize the impacts of the disaster for all those who were affected. The spill interfered with businesses and coastal beaches that are dependent on fishing and tourism. Furthermore, the oil spill was not only a health concern for residents of Houston but also to coastal businesses that lost millions of dollars due to the disaster. Oil that spilled underwater also affected all the aquatic animals throughout the gulf raising ethical concerns (Taylor par.6). In conclusion, the BP oil spill problem seems to have been caused by negligence on the parts of engineering who were building the deep-water horizon. To solve this problem, BP should always adhere to ethical practice when handling

Darwin's Rib by Robert S. Root-Bernstein Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Darwin's Rib by Robert S. Root-Bernstein - Essay Example The present research has identified that a student declares that males have one fewer pair of ribs than women, based on the Biblical assertion that God took a rib from Adam to create Eve. This paper illustrates that in order to support the fact of biological evolution; Root-Bernstein employs evidence and reason. Firstly, he cites the proven failure of the Lamarckian theory of inheritance. Egg cells, containing unalterable genetic information, are formed before birth, and somatic modifications cannot be inherited by offspring. The researcher states that on this basis, men can only have the normal number of ribs, irrespective of whether God removed one of Adam’s ribs. Secondly, as ribs are not a sex-linked characteristic, there is no reason for males and females to differ in this aspect. Sexual dimorphism is not necessary for ribs. Professor Robert S. Root-Bernstein, in line with his belief in religious freedom, goes on to reason that the above scientific evidence does not neces sarily contradict religious beliefs. From the research, it can be comprehended that Professor Robert S. Root-Bernstein reasons that the Bible does not specify the number of ribs Adam initially had. From the research, it can be comprehended that there is no biblical basis to infer that Adam had the same number of ribs as modern humans and that his male descendants should be short of a rib after God removed a rib from Adam.  

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock - Essay Example "No experience," asserts Bradley in a phrase that Eliot states, "can lie open to inspections from outside" (Rampal, 203). Prufrocks dream is incommunicable, and whatsoever he speaks to the lady is answered by, "That is not what I meant at all. That is not it, at all" (CP, 6). The lady is also trapped in her own domain, and the two domains can never, alike soap bubbles, turn into one. Each domain is impassable to the other. If other consciousnesses occur only as opaque matters for Prufrock, he possess an equally unhappy relativity to space and time. One of the poem puzzles is the question of whether Prufrock leaves his room ever. It seems that he does not, hence infirm is his determination, so prepared "for a hundred indecisions, And for hundred visions and revisions, Before the taking of a toast and tea" (CP, 4). In another notion Prufrock would be incapable of going anywhere, no matter how hard he tried. However far the author goes, he remains caged in his own individual space, and all he is experiencing is imaginary. It appears to be some opinion of this which makes him stay in his room, gratified to imagine himself walking through the streets, climbing the ladys stairs, and saying to the lady "all like Lazarus from the dead†. There remains no resurrection from death which has unfastened him, and this is an implication of the Dante epigraph. But time, just like space, has only subjective existence for Prufrock. Consequently, future, present, and past are equally immediate, and the author is paralyzed. As a Bradleys finite centers asserts, he "is not in time," hence "contains [his] own past and future" (Rampal, 205). Memories, ironic reverberations of earlier poetry, current sensations, anticipations of what the author might do in future ("I grow old . . . I grow old . . . I shall wear my trousers bottoms rolled" (Rampal, 71) - which are equally present. Like the women