Free Essays on Abortion In Modern Society

Advantages and disadvantages of Abortion in Modern Society Presentation: â€Å"In 1973 the U.S. Incomparable Court controlled in Roe versus Swim (410 U.S. 113) that a privilege of individual protection exists under the constitution and this privilege incorporates a woman’s choice whether to end her pregnancy (Haas-Wilson, 140).† It was accepted that this court administering would end open discussion over premature birth. Rather, it has energized discussion and discussion, which have proceeded in the course of the most recent thirty years. On one side, there are the genius decision supporters. These people base their contention on a woman’s option to pick how and when she will imitate. On the opposite side of this contention are genius life supporters. They contend based on ethical quality and right to life for the unborn youngster. Some place in these two boundaries is the place most Americans fall. The individuals who are â€Å"on the fence† regularly qualify their help of fetus removal by the conditions encompassing the pregn ancy. In this exposition, I will investigate the three perspectives on fetus removal and their impact on my closely-held conviction. To start with, I will talk about the historical backdrop of fetus removal laws. Second, I will diagram the reasons why ladies decide to have premature births. Third, I will clarify the professional decision contention. Fourth, I will clarify the star life contention. Fifth, I will talk about the widely appealing perspectives and their effect. 6th, I will talk about my own perspectives on premature birth. Seventh, lastly, I will finish up with a rundown of my central matters. History of Abortion: â€Å"The history of fetus removal law speaks to a muddled procedure of different propensities moving in the direction of and against the lawfulness of premature birth (Deflem, 787).† Prior to the 1960’s, fetus removal was controlled just like a wrongdoing aside from in conditions where the mother’s life was at serious risk. In certain states, including Pennsylvania, notwithstanding, this uncommon special case was not cause for end of pregnancy. In the 1960’s and 1970’s, a few states passed increasingly liberal ... Free Essays on Abortion In Modern Society Free Essays on Abortion In Modern Society Upsides and downsides of Abortion in Modern Society Presentation: â€Å"In 1973 the U.S. Preeminent Court administered in Roe versus Swim (410 U.S. 113) that a privilege of individual security exists under the constitution and this privilege incorporates a woman’s choice whether to end her pregnancy (Haas-Wilson, 140).† It was accepted that this court administering would end open discussion over fetus removal. Rather, it has energized discussion and discussion, which have proceeded in the course of the most recent thirty years. On one side, there are the genius decision supporters. These people base their contention on a woman’s option to pick how and when she will duplicate. On the opposite side of this contention are star life supporters. They contend based on profound quality and right to life for the unborn kid. Some place in these two boundaries is the place most Americans fall. The individuals who are â€Å"on the fence† regularly qualify their help of fetus removal by the conditions encompassing the pregnancy. In this exposition, I will investigate the three perspectives on fetus removal and their impact on my genuine belief. In the first place, I will talk about the historical backdrop of premature birth laws. Second, I will diagram the reasons why ladies decide to have premature births. Third, I will clarify the genius decision contention. Fourth, I will clarify the master life contention. Fifth, I will talk about the widely appealing perspectives and their effect. 6th, I will examine my own perspectives on fetus removal. Seventh, lastly, I will finish up with a synopsis of my primary concerns. History of Abortion: â€Å"The history of fetus removal law speaks to a confounded procedure of different propensities moving in the direction of and against the lawfulness of premature birth (Deflem, 787).† Prior to the 1960’s, premature birth was managed just like a wrongdoing with the exception of in conditions where the mother’s life was in harm's way. In certain states, including Pennsylvania, in any case, this uncommon special case was not cause for end of pregnancy. In the 1960’s and 1970’s, a few states passed increasingly liberal ...

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Elective classes, for example, craftsmanship, music, exercise center, and auto mechanics are a significant piece of an understudies plan during school. They offer the youngsters a chance to communicate and their uniqueness, allows them to interface and be friendly, and gives them experience for conceivable future vocations. Reasons, for example, these are the reason we ought not dispose of these subjects from schools. Uniqueness is an essential concern. Various assortments of craftsmanship and music classes are offered as electives in educational systems today. My school offers computerized workmanship, business craftsmanship, and AD and AD drawing classes.Students can likewise take an interest in various music classes, for example, melody, jazz band, and musical band. These classes offer understudies the chance to communicate through something they appreciate doing from numerous points of view. The electives are intended to explicitly oblige someone in particular and what their abil ities are. In spite of the fact that electives do cost a lot of cash and have a ton of requirements that must be met, they extraordinarily advantage the understudies and ought not be expelled from the educational systems. In Dalton to uniqueness, social aptitudes are likewise a factor.Elective classes, for example, rec center are not as genuine and severe as other center classes' understudies sit in throughout the day. It permits youngsters to get up, move around, and mingle. In the novel â€Å"Sleeping Freshmen Never Lie†, the hero has one class out of the six with his companion and that one class is the thing that he anticipates each day. It was the main class he got an opportunity to mingle and be active in. The electives offer understudies a psychological reprieve from the thorough classes they take an interest in and leaves them alone children. Classes like these are basic for a youngster's social aptitudes and mental health.With social abilities at the top of the priori ty list, experience Is additionally an Issue. Numerous electives that are offered are Intended to get ready understudies for a future profession Involving that elective. My school offers youth advancement classes and business innovation classes that prep you for a vocation in those fields. You step through huge numbers of examinations and complete an assortment of ventures to get ensured in that field. For instance, on the off chance that you take every one of the three years of the youth elective classes you will have the necessities that are should have been a preschool teacher.These electives will wind up avian the understudy time and cash and giving them a head start once they set off for college to prepare for their vocations. In the novel â€Å"Sleeping Freshmen Never Lie† the primary character takes Journalism for an elective unexpectedly and winds up being perhaps the best writer at the school and truly has a good time. Elective classes that are offered In the educati onal systems may do likewise for the understudies that are selected there. It Is an essential piece of an understudies each day school life that ought not be disposed of. That despite the fact that wiping out elective classes would set aside cash, it ought not be finished.

Scripture Interpretation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sacred text Interpretation - Essay Example Also, stanzas like Job 9:6 propose that the earth is level which has just been demonstrated to be off base. Thus, this outlines sacred texts can be better comprehended by perfection of procedures which include understanding the historical backdrop of translation of the holy book just as the occasions during which the understanding was made. This paper will delineate the historical backdrop of sacred texts and how they were composed and deciphered throughout the years. What's more, there will likewise be an evaluation on the various perspectives that are taken by various religions and how the translations differ. Creators, for example, Karen Armstrong (2007) propose that deciphering writings also actually is hazardous for society and has prompted the ascent of strict radicals in various convictions. Armstrong (2007), states that there is a lot of analysis by skeptics blaming Christianity for some deceptive demonstrations while fanatics that perform demonstrations of dread statement the Quran. Truly there was no conventionality in the sacred writing from the earliest starting point was never written in a solid voice, subsequently making it difficult to decipher truly. For instance, the Quran is written as illustrations as it is the main which can be utilized to portray God and in like manner Jesus in the book of scriptures was such a noteworthy figure, that it was difficult to depict him with a solitary definition. This demonstrates the sacred texts were never intended to be deciphered truly, the greatest number of people can make differentiating contentions both utilizing sacred writings in t he good book. A model, of this is the contention for and against bondage. Slave proprietors were fit for giving a very much upheld contention utilizing writings from the book of scriptures while slaves could utilize a similar book of scriptures to restrict subjection. This point outlines the issue of translation in the good book, what's more, the book was composed by various writers who were all utilizing the voice of God and now and again didn't

Current and Future Perspectives of the Global Shipbuilding Market

Question: Compose an exposition on the current and futureperspectives of the worldwide shipbuilding market. Answer: 1. Presentation Shipbuilding industry is one of the most established substantial industry in the worldwide market where not very many organizations are working their business. The market of shipbuilding is related with the diverse sort of boats creation that is ships, particular vessels for a few business and administrative uses (Hadzic et al. 2015). The present market of shipbuilding is changing from most recent 10 years and the interest for the traveler ships is getting low because of low speed be that as it may, the business utilization of the boat as a product bearer is developing step by step in view of its ability. Business globalization has expanded the development of the ware in an enormous number from one area to other. Boat is the best choice to flexibly immense number of products. The goal of this paper is to comprehend the current worldwide shipbuilding showcase and foresee the future pattern. 2. Market Overview Shipbuilding market all through the globe is changing its measurements due to the adjustment in the idea of the item. Before, the interest of the traveler transport was acceptable in view of the ease because of gigantic limit yet in the ongoing time the market is encountering low interest of traveler transport though holder ships is popular. The complete market of the shipbuilding business is 258.1 billion dollar, which incorporates traveler transport, transporter boat and boat for government use (Yu and Lindsay 2015). Organizations like Hyundai Heavy Industries, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Samsung Heavy Industries, China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation, STX Group and DSME are the market chief with the majority of the commitment in the worldwide market (Cornel, Filip and Catalin 2013). Figure 1: Major players of worldwide boat building industry (Source: Mickeviciene, 2016) The shipbuilding market is tremendous and the worldwide market is related with the interest of various sort of boat that are compartment transport, mass transporter, Tanker, voyage transport and concentrated boat. Among them specific boat is more sought after by a few governments in various nations because of their safeguard prerequisite in addition the interest of the journey transport is likewise expanding in late time because of the blast in the travel industry. Also, Oil Company and other ware organizations utilize the big hauler and bearer transport for their business (Rivas-Hermann, Kohler and Scheepens 2015). Boat building industry is likewise connected with the boat fixing which is additionally a decent income generator. Figure 2: Share of various nations in shipbuilding and conveyance (Source: Khare 2016) Figure 3: Share of vessel kinds of various nations (Source: Khare 2016) 3. Worldwide Shipbuilding Market Analysis The shipbuilding business is accountable for the design and improvement of oceangoing vessels all around the world. The shipbuilding business is remembered for the turn of events and adjustment of vessels and these activities are finished specifically workplaces called shipyards. The business develops ships for business and also military purposes. Figure 4: The equalization of world shipbuilding market (Source: Mickeviciene, 2016) Most by far of the overall pontoon age is amassed in Asian countries, for instance, China, Japan and South Korea, anyway significant shipyards also exist in various countries (Kulkarni 2015). Shipbuilding is believed to be one of the most settled, generally open and much centered markets around the planet. Regardless of the way that shipbuilding industry has unimaginable experiences in enduring peaks and hangs of economy, the current overall crisis has hit shipbuilding industry even more very. Strong government support and political security is required in this industry with increasingly capital venture by the organizations engaged with the business. The key components driving the improvement of the business division are overall seaborne trade, upgraded fiscal turn of events, bringing urbanization and extension up in overall steel creation. A bit of the basic examples and enhancements of this industry are green shipbuilding development, moved preparing, transport dispatching airbag, LNG invigorated engines and sunlight based and wind controlled vessels. In any case, the advancement of shipbuilding industry can be impacted by extended contention, biological bearings and political and cash related dubiousness (Cornel, Filip and Catalin 2013). The present market pattern is in the declining stage because of parcel of work issue and absence of speculation thusly the vast majority of the organization are concentrating on the foundation of the assembling unit in the Asian area. Figure 5: Value Chain Analysis of Shipbuilding Industry (Source: Mickeviciene 2016) Asian district can give reasonable minimal effort work to the business along these lines the expense of activity will come low. The monetary downturn likewise came about low sought after because of low business volume all through the globe. The present market is moving from the Europe to Asia and China and Korea is driving the market in this section. The enormous player in this industry has a place with China, Korea and Japan accordingly the monetary commitment of these organizations to their nation is additionally high (Shin and Ciccantell 2015). The low interest in the boat market will bring about the loss of occupation that will influence the countrys economy moreover. 4. Worldwide Shipbuilding industry execution Not very many organizations are related with the shipbuilding business in this way on the off chance that we break down the market execution, at that point it is clear that increasingly number of are going to the shipbuilding organization consistently that incorporates the fixing work (Turan and Cengiz 2015). The measure of the fixing work is more when contrasted with the new request. Each organization is answerable for the fixing occupation of their old client in this way additional time is given in the fixing work, which obstructs crafted by the new request. The pattern of the market is plainly recognizes that none of the shipbuilding organization can flexibly their items in time anyway the achievement rate is as low as half (Mickeviciene 2016). Accordingly it very well may be expressed that the foundation of the shipbuilding organization isn't sufficient as a result of the low execution that is likewise influencing the business. Each organization should cause separate site for the upkeep and new shipbuilding with the goal that they to can make convenient conveyance to the clients. Million CGT /year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Request book 45.9 48.3 48.9 70.8 92.8 107.2 138.0 183.7 194.2 156.2 134.9 New requests 29.4 23.3 20.5 41.7 45.1 39.6 57.3 85.3 43.0 16.6 26.3 fruition 20.3 20.2 21.4 22.8 25.5 29.4 34.1 34.6 41.9 44.4 40.5 Table 1: World shipbuilding results in CGT during 1999-2010 1-3 Quarter (Source: Mickeviciene 2016) 5. Future pattern of worldwide shipbuilding industry Figure 4: Global shipbuilding request book conveyances (Source: Khare 2016) The shipbuilding organizations are getting acceptable government backing to build the work in the business in any case, the market isn't permitting right now. The deal in 2003 was the most reduced in most recent 20 years history yet the present pattern is required to develop sooner rather than later. The worldwide economy is recuperating and the vast majority of the business is in the ascent that is a decent sign for the boat building industry. The interest of big hauler anyway will stay low in view of the use of sustainable power source that outcomes in less interest of oil transportation (Jiang, Bastiansen and Strandenes 2013). The market is additionally influenced by the expanded payload conveyance through the air transport framework, which is quicker and more effective than transport bearer is. The underneath figure is demonstrating that the shipbuilding business is encountering a low interest high gracefully anyway the ongoing change in the worldwide economy is hoping to limit t he hole and progressively number of boat will be utilized to convey the products from one nation to other. 6. End From the above conversation, it very well may be summed up that shipbuilding industry is profoundly identified with the world economy in such a case that the business all through the globe is expanding then just the shipbuilding business will be developing. Be that as it may, the framework of the shipbuilding organization is additionally thwarting the development since they are burning through their time in fixing work and new requests are being postponed. The present market pattern of the business is additionally acceptable and is relied upon to develop sooner rather than later due the worldwide economy reconstruction. 7. Reference List Cornel, G., Filip, N. what's more, Catalin, P., 2013. Emergency Effects on Shipbuilding Market.Ovidius University Annals, Series Economic Sciences,13(2). Cornel, G., Filip, N. what's more, Catalin, P., 2013. Emergency Effects on Shipbuilding Market.Ovidius University Annals, Series Economic Sciences,13(2). Hadzic, N., Tomic, M., Vladimir, N., Ostojic, S. what's more, Senjanovic, I., 2015. Current state and viewpoints of the Croatian shipbuilding industry.Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering,12(1), pp.33-42. Jiang, L., Bastiansen, E. furthermore, Strandenes, S.P., 2013. The universal seriousness of Chinas shipbuilding industry.Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,60, pp.39-48. Kulkarni, P.R., 2015. Audit of Global Naval Shipbuilding Trends and Lessons for Indian Shipbuilding Industry.Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India,11(1), pp.116-132. Mickeviciene, R. (2016). Worldwide Competition in Shipbuilding.Trends and Challenges for Europe, 11, pp.201-212. Rivas-Hermann, R., Khler, J. furthermore, Scheepens, A.E., 2015. Development in item and administrations in the transportation retrofit industry: a contextual investigation of balance water treatment systems.Journal of Cleaner

Sport Injury Prevention Strategies Health And Social Care Essay

Game Injury Prevention Strategies Health And Social Care Essay Crotch torment happens much of the time in brandishing exercises, for example, running, kicking, soccer, rugby, and ice hockey which include snappy increasing velocities, decelerations and abrupt quick directional changes (Cowan et al., 2004 and Verrall et al., 2005). Hormon (2007) proposed that, crotch agony might be brought about by a games hernia, osteitis pubis, nerve entanglement, adductor and Iliopsoas muscle strain or any blend of these elements. The most well-known area (>50%) of crotch torment detailed in competitors is the adductor muscle ligament locale (Holmich. 2007). The evaluation and treatment of crotch torment in competitors is troublesome as the life systems of the crotch district is mind boggling and the capacity to envision the life structures of the crotch territory is significant for both physical assessment and the differential determination (Vincent and Victoria, 2001). Holmich (2007) reports that the reason for incessant crotch torment left in banter and o rderly clinical evaluations utilizing dependable assessment strategies were not done in studies and very much characterized symptomatic substances are not revealed. If it's not too much trouble discover the index I (a) for a portion of the terms utilized as often as possible. Janda (1992), reports that in any game the initial segment of injury the board is injury counteraction. Emery (2003) portrays that, to create and assess the game injury anticipation procedures, a great comprehension of injury rates, the member populace in danger and the hazard factors related with injury for the populace should be first distinguished. In athletic populace; crotch strain injury occurrence definition might be acquired by utilizing a normalized presentation of real player hours isolated between preparing time and game time. The danger of injury is diverse for various games (Junge et al, 2006). When considering the seriousness of the injury in an English Football Association group that the general hazard to proficient competitors is significantly high roughly multiple times higher among proficient football players than for high-chance modern occupations (Drawer and Fuller2002). The high pace of injury rate among various games may have lead scientists to endeavor to recog nize hazard elements and preventive techniques for various game wounds. Meeuwisse and Bahr (2009), characterizes chance variables are the ones which makes the athletic injury or adequate enough reason injury. The hazard factors for crotch injury in sport are considered as natural hazard factors like age, sex and physical wellness, level of play, anatomical arrangement of structures, past injury and body organization. The extraneous hazard factors, for example, defensive hardware, athletic gear, condition factors like climate, surface of play, and human variables like rival conduct, playing circumstance and furthermore biomechanical depiction make the competitor defenseless to injury. These hazard factors were additionally characterized by Meeuwisse and Bahr (2009), as modifiable or non modifiable. Continuance, quality, balance and diminished degrees of game explicit preparing are a portion of the modifiable hazard factors. These hazard variables can be modified to diminish the crotch injury rates through the execution of injury counteraction techniques. Age, sexual orientation, past crotch injury are considered as non modifiable hazard factors for crotch injury. These variables can't be modified to lessen injury rates through the execution of injury counteraction techniques yet encourage the distinguishing proof of the game populace in danger. See Appendix ii for injury causation model by Meeuwisse (2006) The crotch district is a profoundly versatile territory comprises of where stomach area meets the legs and contains the structures of the perineum (Timothy and Steven, 2008).Therefore, it incorporates the lower rectus muscular strength, the inguinal locale, the symphysis pubis, the upper segments of the adductor muscles of the thigh, and the genitalia, additionally the scrotum in guys. Falvey et al, (2008) portrayed the crotch locale by setting out outskirts which involves crotch, gluteal and more prominent trochanter of femur called 3G triangle, for sports medication experts to help comprehend the analysis of crotch torment simpler by the inception of indications. (Adjusted from Falvey et al, 2009. The crotch torment: patho-anatomical way to deal with the determination of constant crotch torment in competitors). The front unrivaled iliac spine (ASIS) and pubic tubercle frames the summit of crotch triangle, as this point alludes to the 3G point. The land characteristics of the unrivaled fringe of the triangle frames by the line between the pubic tubercle and ASIS, while line from the pubic tubercle poorly shapes the average outskirt and line from ASIS superiorly shapes the parallel fringe. See reference section I (b) for outline for muscles of the crotch area. The bodys focal point of gravity is situated inside the pelvis, foremost to the second sacral vertebra; along these lines, the heaps that are produced or moved through this zone are significant in for all intents and purposes each athletic exertion (Anderson, et al 2001).Loads of up to multiple times body weight has been exhibited in the hip joint during running, with possibly more noteworthy burdens may introduce during energetic athletic rivalry (Crowninshield, et al 1978), the structures around the hip are exceptionally adjusted to move such powers. The most widely recognized break is to the femur may brought about by the power transmitted from the hip joint, when subject to a mix of hub pressure, torsion, shear and twisting burdens which can cause crack at different locales. Irregularity between the heaps applied to the pelvis and the respectability of the pelvic structures, coming about into abuse issues. Pubic symphysis shows its most noteworthy portability when it is presented to shear powers. Pizzari et al (2008) reports that the awkward nature might be happening from lacking pelvic honesty which is characteristic hazard factor and changes in the heaps as extraneous hazard factor or here and there blend of these two can cause osteitis pubis, which thusly adds to crotch pathology. Along these lines, in avoidance of osteitis pubis in some cases includes early acknowledgment of hazard factors toward the start of the period might be proper. Having known the multifaceted nature of life systems and biomechanics crotch locale, it might be helpful to create complete comprehension of hazard factors causing the crotch agony to create compelling preventive measures among various games. Research Question The initial phase during the time spent any exploration study is to shape an examination question. Four parts ought to be viewed as while shaping an exploration question (Meade and Richardson 1997). These incorporate the customer bunch being explored, intercessions, relative mediations and the results used to gauge the impact. Is recognizing hazard factors and causes help competitors in forestalling crotch torment? a writing survey. Goal of the examination This audit analyzes the examinations on recognizing the hazard factors and reasons for the crotch torment and does this aided in forestalling crotch agony, and expects to grow new experiences dependent on current information on the point by checking on the writing. Points of the examination The point of this examination is to survey the proof to check whether there are certain advantages (diminishing the frequency of wounds) of distinguishing hazard factors for causing crotch torment. These positive results may assist wellbeing with caring experts required to forestall competitors crotch torment. Section 1 Preliminary Literature Review In this survey there will be a wide starter writing audit on crotch torment, where rate, the study of disease transmission, hazard factors and causes according to crotch agony will be talked about. Significance and standards of injury counteraction are examined in detail. The study of disease transmission of crotch wounds in competitors Injury was characterized as any occasion that kept a player out of a training or a game or required the consideration of the group doctor (Molsa, et al 1997). In proficient soccer, crotch wounds contains up to 10% of the considerable number of wounds (Hawkins et al, 2001), yet are liable for an a lot bigger extent of time lost from preparing and play (Muckle, 1982). Creeks et al (2005) have provided details regarding match wounds related with 546 rugby association players at 12 English Premiership clubs in two seasons. They found that frequency, seriousness of crotch, hip and butt cheek wounds according to each 1000 player hours and seriousness in number of days nonattendance. In first class level soccer, crotch strain wounds have been accounted for to represent 20% of all muscle strain wounds and over 40% in ice hockey and they additionally represent >10% of all wounds in tip top degrees of ice hockey, soccer, and games. In Australian Rules football (AFL), the quantity of games lost was more at all degrees of the game because of hip and crotch wounds. AFL insights for seasons 2001-2006 saw crotch pathologies representing a normal of 13.0 missed games per club per season including a normal of 3.25 players per group. Over this equivalent period these crotch wounds had a 23% repeat rate. Walden et al (2007) concentrated in pro athletics, and have seen crotch injury as the fourth most basic injury influencing soccer players. Plantation and Seward (2002) consider crotch injury the third most regular injury in Australian Rules football and it additionally has a high commonness in ice hockey and rugby. Be that as it may, in considering time lost from injury, crotch torment plays just close to break and joint recreation (Brooks et al, 2005). Crotch injury is among the best one to 6th most basic refered to injury in the Olympic games of ice hockey, speed skating, soccer, and sports. Crotch wounds represent 3- 11% of all wounds in some Olympic games including ice hockey, speed skating, soccer, swimming, and games. Reasons for crotch wounds Crotch torment in competitors can be characterized into athletic and non athletic causes. (If it's not too much trouble locate a table in informative supplement iii for reasons for crotch torment). Adductor muscle strains and osteitis pubis are the most widely recognized musculoskeletal reasons for crotch torment in competitors, wh

How to Set Up a Vesting Scheme for Your Startup

How to Set Up a Vesting Scheme for Your Startup Finances are often stretched thin within startups and rewarding the hardworking team behind the business can be difficult. One of the ways to handle financing is to provide shares in the business for the team through a process called vesting. © Shutterstock.com | MelpomeneThis guide will look to explain 1) what vesting is all about and 2) how a startup can set up a successful vesting scheme. The aim is to help your business reward and motivate the team behind it without stretching company finances too much.WHAT IS VESTING?Before you venture into setting up a vesting scheme, you must fully understand what it means. Vesting is essentially a process by which the parties in the startup accrue non-forfeitable rights over the stock ownership of the business. It is a schedule, which defines when and how the shares of the company, which have been promised for the founder or employee, will be distributed. For instance, as you setup the business, founders get their package of stocks at once, with the company receiving the right to purchase a percentage of the equity back, if the founder decides to leave the company.A vesting scheme provides employees and members of the business a right to benefit from the success of the business, while also protecting the business from people simply walking away. The process always involves a specific vesting schedule, which determines when the employee has full ownership of the specific asset or how much of the stock the business can acquire back in case the person leaves.Read the definite guide on startup funding hereWhile the premise of a vesting scheme is always the same, there are different ways to set up the scheme. The different vesting scheme models will be discussed in more detail in the next section, but below is an example of a typical vesting scheme.An example of vestingA typical vesting scheme in a startup would follow the following model:Founder A and Founder B both own 45% of the company, with angel investors owning the rest 10%. The startup has a vesting scheme, which uses a one-year ‘cliff’ clause. This means if any of the parties decide to walk away within the first year of the business, they don’t receive the equity they owned. On the other hand, if they leave after two years, they might retain 50% of what they owned.If founder B leaves after two years, he or she will retain 22.5%. Founder B can walk away with the share, or founder A can purchase the 22.5% back for a reasonable price. The rest of the shares will be forfeited. If the founder leaves after four years, he or she will retain the full 45%.The benefits of setting up a vesting schemeVesting is essentially a scheme to protect the business. Consider a business starts without a vesting scheme. Founder A and founder B both have 50% of the business and work hard in order for the business to succeed. But one day, founder B announces he will leave. Founder B can walk away with 50% ownership of the company, while founder A has to try to salvage the situation. If the business succeeds, founder B will get to enjoy the fruits of A’s labor.But as the example vesting scheme showed, founder B wouldn’t be able to walk out with everything until the vesting scheme is completed. The refore, the vesting scheme can act as an incentive for employees. The longer they work with the business and help it to succeed, the more they will gain. While the vesting scheme can protect the business from personnel walking out, it naturally also provides benefits for the members of the vesting scheme. Instead of simply being part of the payroll, the members of the scheme can reap the benefits of the business succeeding through the shares.It might seem counterintuitive to protect yourself from people turning their backs on your business. Setting up a startup always has its risks and the ability to trust your team is essential for success. But there are multitudes of reasons people might have to quit the business and most of the reasons aren’t sinister. Perhaps the founder’s family situation changes dramatically due to an accident or an illness. Therefore, protecting the business’ financial situation is important and a vesting scheme can provide an extra layer of security ag ainst common startup risks.Furthermore, startups aren’t typically covered in money and schemes that can boost fundraising opportunities are always welcomed. Investors tend to prefer vesting schedules because of the above reassurances. If a business has a vesting scheme in place, founders are unlikely going to walk out, which could mean investors won’t get their investment back.Vesting schemes can even add value in terms of company acquisitions. Companies looking to acquire startups find vesting provisions beneficial, as they provide the incentives for founders to continue working for the business even after an acquisition.Finally, the benefits of a vesting scheme even involve tax incentives. The equity provided for each member of the scheme is not taxed at the time of the vesting agreement. It also won’t be taxed, in most instances, when the person exercises their option and purchases these shares. In most countries, the tax is levied once the shares are sold and this can prov ide a monetary benefit for members of the scheme.There are naturally different approaches to the taxation depending on the country where the startup operates. But in many instances, the vesting schemes have a favorable tax outcome. THE ESSENTIALS OF A VESTING SCHEME FOR STARTUPSWith the above benefits in mind, the success of vesting schemes isn’t a surprise. As mentioned earlier, there are different ways a startup can organize its vesting scheme. When you are selecting a vesting scheme model, you should cover the following points.Picking the right vesting schemeThe best model for your startup can depend on the type of business you are running, as well as the number of people involved, for instance. You should always consider the benefits and disadvantages of each scheme for your business. While certain common models might work well for other startups, your business might benefit from a more unconventional model. The vesting scheme doesn’t have to be the same for all parties invo lved with the business. Your startup likely has people such as the founders, employees and board members working for it. In order to provide incentives for all of them, you can use different vesting models for each group.The typical schemes include:Vesting scheme for employees. The norm for employee options typically involves vesting with a monthly rate. The vesting period runs for around four years. This would mean the shares are divided into 48 portions. Every month, the employee receives 1/48 of the shares, becoming fully vested after 48 months or four years. New employees can also be offered shares through a vesting scheme. These shares are often subject to a ‘cliff’ period. This is typically one year, meaning the shares are not issued during the first year of employment.Vesting scheme for consultants. Many startups are also offering vesting schemes for consultants. These schemes are offered for consultants, which work with the company at least for a year. The scheme would o ffer an option that vests rateably monthly over the consultation period. On the other hand, if the consultation lasts for an unknown period, the startup could offer a vesting scheme based on achievement of milestones. For example, the consultant could receive 10% of his shares after a specific milestone, such as helping the company sign a new contract.Vesting scheme for directors. Directors’ vesting scheme generally follows a similar model to employees. The main difference is the vesting period, as directors could potentially be provided a shorter vesting scheme. This is mainly down to the import role they can play in adding prestige to a startup. Furthermore, director vesting schemes provide either a proportion or all of the shares in case the business changes ownership. This means the shares become fully vested in an instance of an acquisition, for example. This is called accelerated vesting and you can read more about it in the next section. New directors typically have a ‘cl iff’ period added to the vesting scheme.Vesting scheme for advisors. Advisors’ schemes typically follow a similar pattern to directors. The vesting schedule can range from a short two-year period to the more common four- to five-year period. There’s tendency to offer advisors vesting schemes, which accelerate towards the end. For example, during the final year, instead of a monthly 1/48 share portion, the portion grows to 3/48.Vesting scheme for founders. The founder’s vesting scheme vests rateably monthly over a specific period of time. The vesting scheme period tends to be around four years. The difference to the other schemes is how portion of the shares is vested up front. Instead of having to wait, the founders might receive 20% of the shares immediately at the time of signing the agreement. This option is usually offered for founders, who provide valuable intellectual property to the company. For example, they might be behind the patent of the product. Founders’ vest ing schemes generally don’t feature a ‘cliff’ period, although it isn’t uncommon. Startups, which have more than one founder and where the partners have no previous working history, a ‘cliff’ period can add an extra layer of protection. Finally, founders’ vesting schemes tend to use the acceleration option as well.Deciding on the vesting scheduleStartups must decide whom they offer the vesting schemes and they must pick the vesting schedule for each scheme. A vesting schedule dictates the timeline for exercising the stock options, in addition to the restrictions on the stock. The schedule is time-based and as mentioned above, often uses a monthly schedule over four years.The schedule is important part of setting up the scheme, as it can help ensure the company has enough protection. In addition, it also defines the attractiveness of the scheme. If the vesting schedule is too long, employees might not be incentives to sign to it. On the other hand, if the schedule is to o short, the startup might not benefit in terms of protection.There are three different options when it comes to picking the vesting schedule.Immediate vesting. As the name suggests, immediate vesting provides 100% ownership of the shares immediately from signing the contract. This is therefore, relatively uncommon.Cliff vesting. We’ve briefly mentioned the cliff period. A vesting cliff simply refers to a type of cool off period before the vesting scheme starts. In the case of startups, this is typically a one-year period. For example, the vesting scheme might have a one-year cliff period, with the vesting providing 1/16 of the shares quarterly over a four-year period. The person could be offered 20% shares in the company. In the first 12 months, the person wouldn’t receive anything, after which he or she would receive 1/16 of the 20% every quarter over the next four years. While a year is a common cliff period for vesting schemes, startups can pick a specific period for their b usiness.Graded vesting. Finally, graded vesting is the most common option to use and the examples in the guide have mainly used the graded vesting schedule. It essentially means that the ownership is provided over a certain period, often through equal portions. For example, the above example used the graded vesting schedule, as the person gained his or her 20% share ownership over a period of time. In graded vesting scheme, the person will only receive the shares they’ve ‘gained’ in case they walk out from the scheme and the company before the end.When the business is picking the vesting schedule, incentivizing is a key part of the equation, together with protecting the company. Protection of the company doesn’t involve only the aspect of maintaining the workforce and its input. Finding the right schedule is also crucial in terms of business finances.If the vesting schedule is too rapid, the company might find it difficult to support it financially. If the company loses a la rge chunk of the ownership at once and has to provide most of the profits to shareholders, it can hit its ability to finance growth. Therefore, a startup with a number of vesting schemes has to carefully devise the timeline to ensure it can financially afford it.Finally, the vesting schedule can accelerate upon a specific instance. The instance that typically involves acceleration involves company acquisition. There are essentially two different accelerating scenarios in this case:Single trigger accelerationâ€"An event triggers the acceleration of vesting, meaning the equity owner will receive the full or partial value of the stock. For example, if the business were acquired, the founder or employee with a single trigger acceleration scheme would receive the full equity.Double trigger acceleration â€" Two events are required to trigger the acceleration of vesting, resulting the equity owner to receive the full or partial value of the stock. For example, the company is acquired (even t one) and the founder or employee’s contract with the company will determinate (event two).The ‘standard’ modelWhile the above shows how there are a number of ways to set up a vesting scheme, startups tend to go with a so-called standard vesting schedule. The standard model has been found by many to be a viable option, but it is by any means a model you should automatically subscribe to.The standard vesting model looks something like this:Founders: 25% of shares immediately and the rest monthly over a three to four years period.Employees: 25% of shares after the first year and the rest monthly over a three to four years period.In both of these instances, the company would also have to decide whether or not to use accelerating schedule. As mentioned earlier, acceleration is often used in the case of founders, but skipped with employees.Let’s consider the above vesting models use acceleration with founders, but not with employees. Under this model:The founders would receive 2 5% of their total shares upfront. From then on, they could receive 2% of the remaining shares every month over a three-year period. If they had single trigger acceleration scheme, in the case of acquisition they might receive the full amount of shares at once, whether or not the vesting scheme has completed.On the other hand, the employees would receive their 25% of total shares after one year. Afterwards, they might receive 2/10 of the shares each month over a three-year period. In the case of acquisition, the vesting schedule wouldn’t change.THE BOTTOM LINEVesting can be a crucial tool to manage business finances and reward the people who help ensure the startup succeeds. Setting up a vesting scheme should be considered and carefully planned to maximize its benefits. For many startups the most important questions to answer involve the groups of people, they want to include to the vesting scheme and the timeline for vesting.There are as many options to schedule your vesting than there are startups. Therefore, you shouldn’t simply copy what other businesses have done, but look carefully your individual situation. You need to pick an investing schedule and scheme that supports the right personnel in a manner that is reasonable for your business’ finances.

How to Set Up a Vesting Scheme for Your Startup

How to Set Up a Vesting Scheme for Your Startup Finances are often stretched thin within startups and rewarding the hardworking team behind the business can be difficult. One of the ways to handle financing is to provide shares in the business for the team through a process called vesting. © Shutterstock.com | MelpomeneThis guide will look to explain 1) what vesting is all about and 2) how a startup can set up a successful vesting scheme. The aim is to help your business reward and motivate the team behind it without stretching company finances too much.WHAT IS VESTING?Before you venture into setting up a vesting scheme, you must fully understand what it means. Vesting is essentially a process by which the parties in the startup accrue non-forfeitable rights over the stock ownership of the business. It is a schedule, which defines when and how the shares of the company, which have been promised for the founder or employee, will be distributed. For instance, as you setup the business, founders get their package of stocks at once, with the company receiving the right to purchase a percentage of the equity back, if the founder decides to leave the company.A vesting scheme provides employees and members of the business a right to benefit from the success of the business, while also protecting the business from people simply walking away. The process always involves a specific vesting schedule, which determines when the employee has full ownership of the specific asset or how much of the stock the business can acquire back in case the person leaves.Read the definite guide on startup funding hereWhile the premise of a vesting scheme is always the same, there are different ways to set up the scheme. The different vesting scheme models will be discussed in more detail in the next section, but below is an example of a typical vesting scheme.An example of vestingA typical vesting scheme in a startup would follow the following model:Founder A and Founder B both own 45% of the company, with angel investors owning the rest 10%. The startup has a vesting scheme, which uses a one-year ‘cliff’ clause. This means if any of the parties decide to walk away within the first year of the business, they don’t receive the equity they owned. On the other hand, if they leave after two years, they might retain 50% of what they owned.If founder B leaves after two years, he or she will retain 22.5%. Founder B can walk away with the share, or founder A can purchase the 22.5% back for a reasonable price. The rest of the shares will be forfeited. If the founder leaves after four years, he or she will retain the full 45%.The benefits of setting up a vesting schemeVesting is essentially a scheme to protect the business. Consider a business starts without a vesting scheme. Founder A and founder B both have 50% of the business and work hard in order for the business to succeed. But one day, founder B announces he will leave. Founder B can walk away with 50% ownership of the company, while founder A has to try to salvage the situation. If the business succeeds, founder B will get to enjoy the fruits of A’s labor.But as the example vesting scheme showed, founder B wouldn’t be able to walk out with everything until the vesting scheme is completed. The refore, the vesting scheme can act as an incentive for employees. The longer they work with the business and help it to succeed, the more they will gain. While the vesting scheme can protect the business from personnel walking out, it naturally also provides benefits for the members of the vesting scheme. Instead of simply being part of the payroll, the members of the scheme can reap the benefits of the business succeeding through the shares.It might seem counterintuitive to protect yourself from people turning their backs on your business. Setting up a startup always has its risks and the ability to trust your team is essential for success. But there are multitudes of reasons people might have to quit the business and most of the reasons aren’t sinister. Perhaps the founder’s family situation changes dramatically due to an accident or an illness. Therefore, protecting the business’ financial situation is important and a vesting scheme can provide an extra layer of security ag ainst common startup risks.Furthermore, startups aren’t typically covered in money and schemes that can boost fundraising opportunities are always welcomed. Investors tend to prefer vesting schedules because of the above reassurances. If a business has a vesting scheme in place, founders are unlikely going to walk out, which could mean investors won’t get their investment back.Vesting schemes can even add value in terms of company acquisitions. Companies looking to acquire startups find vesting provisions beneficial, as they provide the incentives for founders to continue working for the business even after an acquisition.Finally, the benefits of a vesting scheme even involve tax incentives. The equity provided for each member of the scheme is not taxed at the time of the vesting agreement. It also won’t be taxed, in most instances, when the person exercises their option and purchases these shares. In most countries, the tax is levied once the shares are sold and this can prov ide a monetary benefit for members of the scheme.There are naturally different approaches to the taxation depending on the country where the startup operates. But in many instances, the vesting schemes have a favorable tax outcome. THE ESSENTIALS OF A VESTING SCHEME FOR STARTUPSWith the above benefits in mind, the success of vesting schemes isn’t a surprise. As mentioned earlier, there are different ways a startup can organize its vesting scheme. When you are selecting a vesting scheme model, you should cover the following points.Picking the right vesting schemeThe best model for your startup can depend on the type of business you are running, as well as the number of people involved, for instance. You should always consider the benefits and disadvantages of each scheme for your business. While certain common models might work well for other startups, your business might benefit from a more unconventional model. The vesting scheme doesn’t have to be the same for all parties invo lved with the business. Your startup likely has people such as the founders, employees and board members working for it. In order to provide incentives for all of them, you can use different vesting models for each group.The typical schemes include:Vesting scheme for employees. The norm for employee options typically involves vesting with a monthly rate. The vesting period runs for around four years. This would mean the shares are divided into 48 portions. Every month, the employee receives 1/48 of the shares, becoming fully vested after 48 months or four years. New employees can also be offered shares through a vesting scheme. These shares are often subject to a ‘cliff’ period. This is typically one year, meaning the shares are not issued during the first year of employment.Vesting scheme for consultants. Many startups are also offering vesting schemes for consultants. These schemes are offered for consultants, which work with the company at least for a year. The scheme would o ffer an option that vests rateably monthly over the consultation period. On the other hand, if the consultation lasts for an unknown period, the startup could offer a vesting scheme based on achievement of milestones. For example, the consultant could receive 10% of his shares after a specific milestone, such as helping the company sign a new contract.Vesting scheme for directors. Directors’ vesting scheme generally follows a similar model to employees. The main difference is the vesting period, as directors could potentially be provided a shorter vesting scheme. This is mainly down to the import role they can play in adding prestige to a startup. Furthermore, director vesting schemes provide either a proportion or all of the shares in case the business changes ownership. This means the shares become fully vested in an instance of an acquisition, for example. This is called accelerated vesting and you can read more about it in the next section. New directors typically have a ‘cl iff’ period added to the vesting scheme.Vesting scheme for advisors. Advisors’ schemes typically follow a similar pattern to directors. The vesting schedule can range from a short two-year period to the more common four- to five-year period. There’s tendency to offer advisors vesting schemes, which accelerate towards the end. For example, during the final year, instead of a monthly 1/48 share portion, the portion grows to 3/48.Vesting scheme for founders. The founder’s vesting scheme vests rateably monthly over a specific period of time. The vesting scheme period tends to be around four years. The difference to the other schemes is how portion of the shares is vested up front. Instead of having to wait, the founders might receive 20% of the shares immediately at the time of signing the agreement. This option is usually offered for founders, who provide valuable intellectual property to the company. For example, they might be behind the patent of the product. Founders’ vest ing schemes generally don’t feature a ‘cliff’ period, although it isn’t uncommon. Startups, which have more than one founder and where the partners have no previous working history, a ‘cliff’ period can add an extra layer of protection. Finally, founders’ vesting schemes tend to use the acceleration option as well.Deciding on the vesting scheduleStartups must decide whom they offer the vesting schemes and they must pick the vesting schedule for each scheme. A vesting schedule dictates the timeline for exercising the stock options, in addition to the restrictions on the stock. The schedule is time-based and as mentioned above, often uses a monthly schedule over four years.The schedule is important part of setting up the scheme, as it can help ensure the company has enough protection. In addition, it also defines the attractiveness of the scheme. If the vesting schedule is too long, employees might not be incentives to sign to it. On the other hand, if the schedule is to o short, the startup might not benefit in terms of protection.There are three different options when it comes to picking the vesting schedule.Immediate vesting. As the name suggests, immediate vesting provides 100% ownership of the shares immediately from signing the contract. This is therefore, relatively uncommon.Cliff vesting. We’ve briefly mentioned the cliff period. A vesting cliff simply refers to a type of cool off period before the vesting scheme starts. In the case of startups, this is typically a one-year period. For example, the vesting scheme might have a one-year cliff period, with the vesting providing 1/16 of the shares quarterly over a four-year period. The person could be offered 20% shares in the company. In the first 12 months, the person wouldn’t receive anything, after which he or she would receive 1/16 of the 20% every quarter over the next four years. While a year is a common cliff period for vesting schemes, startups can pick a specific period for their b usiness.Graded vesting. Finally, graded vesting is the most common option to use and the examples in the guide have mainly used the graded vesting schedule. It essentially means that the ownership is provided over a certain period, often through equal portions. For example, the above example used the graded vesting schedule, as the person gained his or her 20% share ownership over a period of time. In graded vesting scheme, the person will only receive the shares they’ve ‘gained’ in case they walk out from the scheme and the company before the end.When the business is picking the vesting schedule, incentivizing is a key part of the equation, together with protecting the company. Protection of the company doesn’t involve only the aspect of maintaining the workforce and its input. Finding the right schedule is also crucial in terms of business finances.If the vesting schedule is too rapid, the company might find it difficult to support it financially. If the company loses a la rge chunk of the ownership at once and has to provide most of the profits to shareholders, it can hit its ability to finance growth. Therefore, a startup with a number of vesting schemes has to carefully devise the timeline to ensure it can financially afford it.Finally, the vesting schedule can accelerate upon a specific instance. The instance that typically involves acceleration involves company acquisition. There are essentially two different accelerating scenarios in this case:Single trigger accelerationâ€"An event triggers the acceleration of vesting, meaning the equity owner will receive the full or partial value of the stock. For example, if the business were acquired, the founder or employee with a single trigger acceleration scheme would receive the full equity.Double trigger acceleration â€" Two events are required to trigger the acceleration of vesting, resulting the equity owner to receive the full or partial value of the stock. For example, the company is acquired (even t one) and the founder or employee’s contract with the company will determinate (event two).The ‘standard’ modelWhile the above shows how there are a number of ways to set up a vesting scheme, startups tend to go with a so-called standard vesting schedule. The standard model has been found by many to be a viable option, but it is by any means a model you should automatically subscribe to.The standard vesting model looks something like this:Founders: 25% of shares immediately and the rest monthly over a three to four years period.Employees: 25% of shares after the first year and the rest monthly over a three to four years period.In both of these instances, the company would also have to decide whether or not to use accelerating schedule. As mentioned earlier, acceleration is often used in the case of founders, but skipped with employees.Let’s consider the above vesting models use acceleration with founders, but not with employees. Under this model:The founders would receive 2 5% of their total shares upfront. From then on, they could receive 2% of the remaining shares every month over a three-year period. If they had single trigger acceleration scheme, in the case of acquisition they might receive the full amount of shares at once, whether or not the vesting scheme has completed.On the other hand, the employees would receive their 25% of total shares after one year. Afterwards, they might receive 2/10 of the shares each month over a three-year period. In the case of acquisition, the vesting schedule wouldn’t change.THE BOTTOM LINEVesting can be a crucial tool to manage business finances and reward the people who help ensure the startup succeeds. Setting up a vesting scheme should be considered and carefully planned to maximize its benefits. For many startups the most important questions to answer involve the groups of people, they want to include to the vesting scheme and the timeline for vesting.There are as many options to schedule your vesting than there are startups. Therefore, you shouldn’t simply copy what other businesses have done, but look carefully your individual situation. You need to pick an investing schedule and scheme that supports the right personnel in a manner that is reasonable for your business’ finances.

Aunt Karen Legacy

For my Legacy Presentation I interviewed both my Aunt Karen and my Mom but I started with my Aunt first. I first asked about how her work was and i asked if she liked her job or if she really didn't like her job because i mean its a job and is that job a hascle to her. She told me â€Å" I love what i do and sense i love what i do it doesn't seem like a job to me.† That really shocked me because i didn't think that people liked to get up early and go to work i mean nobody wants to work but i guess since it is something she likes shes fine with it. I asked her why do you like cutting hair so much and why does it matter to her. She said â€Å" When i was about 9 years old i remember getting a bad haircut and i thought to myself if i wanted something then i guess im gonna have to do it myself.† She had from that day on out wanted to be a hair stylist she said she didn't want to just be a barber but she wanted to be a stylist because it pays better and is just her thing she likes to do. If i ever need my hair cut i will always go to her because she does it for free and it looks good. Sometimes i will even go in to her place and just hangout and talk to her all day long. She tells me about all of her times in her trade school and how it was with her friends. She tells how she always wanted to be a cosmetologist when she grew up and she finally got to. When she was 9 she grew up in Oil City,Pa with 2 sisters and 1 brother. She told me that she got her first bad haircut in Oil City so went through HS and instead of going to college she went to a trade school which is made for people wanting to be cosmetologists. She said that she even thinks that trade school is harder than any other school or college. She thinks this because she saw my mom’s work and in trade school you have lots of homework. My mom said to me â€Å" Me and my sister always argued about which was harder but I still think college is harder†. My Aunt still today cuts hai r in Durham and also cuts my hair. For my last ending question i asked my aunt what she thinks that her legacy is. She told me that she thinks that it is â€Å"My Mom always told me to work for what I want and that you will appreciate that item that much more knowing that you worked for it†. I think this is her legacy because i always work hard at everything that i want anything from sports to just board games. Me and my brother both hate losing to each other because then it shows that that person is better than you. I never want to be told that someone is better than me at something it makes me want to be better and work harder if i'm told that. It can be a good thing or it can be a bad thing but I hate losing. That runs in our family from my mom to me and my brother.

The Sickness Unto Death A Christian Psychological...

THE SICKNESS UNTO DEATH: A CHRISTIAN PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPOSITION FOR UPBUILDING AND AWAKENING __________________ A Book Review Presented to Dr. Eric Johnson The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary __________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for 34230 __________________ by Martha A. Stanley SBTS Box 620 April 18, 2016 On my honor, I have neither given nor taken improper assistance in completing this assignment. Kierkegaard, Soren. The Sickness Unto Death. New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1980 According to the editors and translators of Kierkegaard s works, The Sickness Unto Death is a pseudonymous work written under the name, Anti-Climacus, with Kierkegaard as the editor. Amazingly, the author wrote the manuscript within a three-month period in 1848, likely due to his longstanding concern with the nature and meaning of anxiety and despair in relation to the becoming of the self. In the Gilleleje letter (1835) when Kierkegaard was 22, he wrote, a person must first learn to know himself before learning anything else. During the next decade, he explored psychological topics like anxiety, despair, desires, irony, sin, and faith through critical introspection and observation. His psychology was thoroughly shaped by his Christian faith and brilliant intellect. Influenced by the intellectual context of Kant s and Hegel s philosophies on the mind and theory of knowledge, Kierkegaard commented that genuine anthropological

Shoreline Assessment And Lake Management - 2730 Words

Shoreline Assessment and Lake Management Lakes face several problems, however, some of which stand out include Eutrophication as well as Shoreline development, which happens in consequence to eroision. Both of these processes are constantly at work, these problems are created by either natural forces or even by humans. Eutrophication is the addition of minerals into lake water, these minerals include Nitrogen, as well as Phosphorous. It is said that warmth and light both affect the overall process of eutrophication. The process of eutrophication occurs only in certain lakes, however the perfect chemistry must be present. It can be said that several lakes around developed areas go through â€Å"cultural eutrophication† this can be better†¦show more content†¦Shorelines, the narrow strips of land located along body of water. These areas are also transition zones where land and water meet to create unique and highly efficient ecosystems. Shorelines are valuable resources that provide numerous social, economic and environmental aid. For example, shoreline ecosystems help purify water by filtering out sediment and trapping pollutants, including fertilizer and pesticide residues and absorbing excess nutrients from both natural and human sources that increase by human interaction . Shore lines also stabilize and protect the shores from erosion through presence of vegetation and limit flooding by absorbing water by creating buffer sediments. The littoral zone, extends from the depth to which sunlight can penetrate all the way on shore to a distance from 10-20 meters, depending on the slope. This zone supports and contains up to 90% of the life in a water body.( Schelenz, 2002) Shoreline development, and other aspects (FIX THIS) To further understand shoreline one must first understand the different types of shorelines. Shoreline classified in to four categories; however, in doing so we must consider both human and natural impacts. Ornamental shorelines are areas that have been developed to focus on the shore’s aesthetical look and industrial value, with little attention to ecological consequences. There

Theodore Roosevelt and the New York Police Department

Future president Theodore Roosevelt returned to the city of his birth in 1895 to take on a task that might have intimidated other people, the reform of the notoriously corrupt police department. His appointment was front-page news and he obviously saw the job a chance to clean up New York City while reviving his own political career, which had stalled. As the president of the police commission, Roosevelt, true to form, vigorously threw himself into the task. His trademark zeal, when applied to the complexities of urban politics, tended to generate a cascade of problems. Roosevelts time at the top of the New York Police Department brought him into conflict with powerful factions, and he did not always emerge triumphantly. In one notable example, his widely publicized crusade to close saloons on Sunday, the only day when many workingmen  could socialize in them, provoked a lively public backlash. When he left the police job, after only two years, the department had been changed for the better. But Roosevelts time as New York Citys top cop had been raucous, and the clashes he found himself in had nearly brought his political career to an end. Roosevelts Patrician Background Theodore Roosevelt was born into a wealthy New York City family on October 27, 1858. A sickly child who overcame illness through physical exertion, he went on to Harvard and entered New York politics by winning a seat in the state assembly at the age of 23. In 1886 he lost an election for mayor of New York City. He then stayed out of government for three years until he was appointed by President Benjamin Harrison to the United States Civil Service Commission. For six years Roosevelt served in Washington, D.C., overseeing the reform of the nations civil service, which had been tainted by decades of adherence to the spoils system. Roosevelt was respected for his work reforming the federal civil service, but he wished to return to New York City and something more challenging. A new reform mayor of the city, William L. Strong, offered him the job of sanitation commissioner in early 1895. Roosevelt turned it down, thinking the job of literally cleaning up the city was beneath his dignity. A few months later, after a series of public hearings exposed widespread graft in the New York Police Department, the mayor came to Roosevelt with a far more attractive offer:  a post on the board of police commissioners. Enthused by the  chance to bring much-needed reforms to his hometown, and in a very public post, Roosevelt took the job. The Corruption of the New York Police A crusade to clean up New York City, led by a reform-minded minister, Rev. Charles Parkhurst, had prompted the state legislature to create a commission to investigate corruption. Chaired by state senator Clarence Lexow, what became known as the Lexow Commission held public hearings which exposed the startling depth of police corruption. In weeks of testimony, saloon owners and prostitutes detailed a system of payoffs to police officials. And it became apparent that the thousands of saloons in the city functioned as political clubs which perpetuated the corruption. Mayor Strongs solution was to replace the four-member board that oversaw the police. And by putting an energetic reformer like Roosevelt on the board as its president, there was cause for optimism. Roosevelt took the oath of office on the morning of May 6, 1895, at City Hall. The New York Times lauded Roosevelt the next morning but expressed skepticism about the other three men named to the police board. They must have been named for political considerations, said an editorial. Problems were obvious at the outset of Roosevelts term at the top of the police department. Roosevelt Made His Presence Known In early June 1895 Roosevelt and a friend, the crusading newspaper reporter Jacob Riis, ventured out into the streets of New York late one night, just after midnight. For hours they wandered through the darkened Manhattan streets, observing the police, at least when and where they could actually find them. The New York Times carried a story on June 8, 1895 with the headline, Police Caught Napping. The report referred to President Roosevelt, as he was president of the police board, and detailed how he had found policemen asleep on their posts or  socializing in public  when they should have been patrolling alone. Several officers were ordered to report to police headquarters the day after Roosevelts late night tour. They received a strong personal reprimand from Roosevelt himself. The newspaper account noted: The action of Mr. Roosevelt, when it became known, made a sensation throughout the department and as a consequence, more faithful patrol duty may be performed by the force for some time to come. Roosevelt also came into conflict with Thomas Byrnes, a legendary detective who had come to epitomize the New York Police Department. Byrnes had amassed a suspiciously large fortune, with the apparent help of Wall Street characters such as Jay Gould, but had managed to keep his job. Roosevelt forced Byrnes to resign, though no public reason for the ouster of Byrnes was ever disclosed. Political Problems Though Roosevelt was at heart a politician, he soon found himself in a political bind of his own making. He was determined to shut down saloons, which generally operated on Sundays in defiance of local law. The problem was that many New Yorkers worked a six-day week, and Sunday was the only day when they could gather in saloons and socialize. To the community of German immigrants, in particular, the Sunday saloon gatherings were considered an important facet of life. The saloons were not merely social but often served as political clubs, frequented by an actively engaged citizenry. Roosevelts crusade to shutter saloons on Sundays brought him into heated conflict with large segments of the population. He was denounced and viewed as being out of touch with the common people. The Germans in particular rallied against him, and Roosevelts campaign against saloons cost his Republican Party in the city-wide elections held in the fall of 1895. The next summer, New York City was hit by a heat wave, and Roosevelt gained back some public support by his smart action in dealing with the crisis. He had made an effort to familiarize himself with slum neighborhoods, and he saw that the police distributed ice to people who desperately needed it. By the end of 1896, Roosevelt was thoroughly tired of his police job. Republican William McKinley had won the election that fall, and Roosevelt began concentrating on finding a post within the new Republican administration. He was eventually appointed an assistant secretary of the Navy and left New York to return to Washington. Impact of Roosevelt on New Yorks Police Theodore Roosevelt spent less than two years with the New York Police Department, and his tenure was marked with nearly constant controversy. While the job burnished his credentials as a reformer, most of what he tried to accomplish ended in frustration. The campaign against corruption proved essentially hopeless. New York City remained much the same after he left. However, in later years Roosevelts time at police headquarters on Mulberry Street in lower Manhattan took on legendary status. He would be remembered as a police commissioner who cleaned up New York, even though his accomplishments on the job didnt live up to the legend.

Dr Jekyll And Mr Hyde Analysis - 781 Words

In the world of psychology, there is a theory, the tabula rusa(â€Å"blank slate†), which states man’s personality grows from experiences, but there are many examples that show mankind is created to exemplify goodness, although many easily stray from the path. The novella Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson focuses on the duality of man’s inner nature, demonstrating the development of a doctor’s evil as it slowly consumes him. Throughout the work, Stevenson merges his philosophy of human nature with the good-natured Dr. Jekyll and the mysterious evil, Mr. Hyde. As the plot thickens, Stevenson uses illustrious diction to clarify the positives of Jekyll, the negative aura of Hyde, and he displays his belief that man†¦show more content†¦The reader gets quite a bad first impression of Mr. Hyde as he â€Å"trampled calmly over the child’s body and left her screaming to the ground† (Stevenson 4), already fore shadowing more horrific events to be caused with his little remorse. The choice of his reaction of trampling calmly over a little girl demonstrates Mr. Hyde’s inhumane feeling as well as a possible joy of hurting others. After the first encounter with the unnerving Mr. Hyde, the protagonist of the story, Mr. Utterson, goes out of his way to cross paths with the man once more. As a result of the endless questioning, Utterson faces an animal that â€Å"snarled aloud into a savage laugh† (Stevenson 17) in a hurried craze. By having Hyde snarl, it connotes a more abhorring nature of the man, and describing his laugh as savage sends out warning signs of more incidents of pain to be caused by him. While Jekyll struggles to choose good or evil, Hyde does not struggle at all as he does not face any difficult choices, so he tries to take advantage of what he believes is his weaker side. Through Dr. Jekyll’s detailed statement, Stevenson unleashes a torrent of his philoso phy upon mankind’s nature. After indulging in his evil side for a while, Jekyll finally decides to choose â€Å"the elderly and discontented doctor, surrounded by friends and cherishing honest hopes† (Stevenson 91), an example of one’s choice of who they truly are as a person. Through the loss of his dreams, the doctorShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1729 Words   |  7 PagesTaking a Closer Look into the Story and Author of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Nothing Mr. Stevenson has written as yet has so strongly impressed us with the versatility of his very original genius. An anonymous review in â€Å"The Times† noted Robert Louis Stevenson for his intelligence in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. The review continued with saying that the story, be read as a finished study in the art of fantastic literature. Whoever was the anonymous person to state these things aboutRead MoreAnalysis of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay557 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Everyone has heard of Jekyll and Hyde. The two infamous characters that portray the main roles in The Strange Case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde. Yet, even with this phenomenal status of the book, surprisingly, not many people know what is really represented inside its pages. Firstly, to understand what made The Strange Case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde a classical story known by young and old alike, we must look at where it began. AsRead MoreDr Jekyll And Mr Hyde Analysis703 Words   |  3 Pages The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll Mr. Hyde is an interesting story taking place in the 1800’s in europe. The story is told from a third person perspective. Telling this story in the third person is very useful because it narrates the life of a man that is some what investigating and you get to see the story from his perspective as he finds out more and more clues. Also when a story is narrated it gives the author the opportunity to explain some things to the audience that might not normally get pickedRead More Analysis of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson2888 Words   |  12 PagesAnalysis of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson In an attempt to consider the duality tale, one narrative inevitably finds its way to the top of the heap as the supreme archetype: Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Immense disagreement permeates the pages of literary criticism relevant to the meaning of the story. Yet, for all of the wrangling focused on the psychology, morality, spirituality, and sociality of the story, itRead MoreAnalysis Of The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde, By Robert Louis Stevenson1323 Words   |  6 PagesStrange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, by Robert Louis Stevenson, which gives a direct image of what Victorian era was like with his writing style as well as the story itself. Specifically, Stevenson portrays exactly how Victorian social life commenced as well as displays the main points of social standards of the time. Robert Louis Stevenson uses individual characters in the novella to accurately depict how people protected their social standing an d reputation during the Victorian era. Mr. UttersonRead MoreLiterary Analysis of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† by Robert Louis Stevenson1530 Words   |  7 Pagesin the 1800’s during the Victorian era in this novel. As the story unfolds in the classic literature novel, â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† written by Robert Louis Stevenson, the magnificent city of London becomes a darker and mysterious location. The powerful city of London embodied the freedom and solitude required for the antagonist of the story, Mr. Hyde to hide his wicked behavior from the society as a whole. According to the history of the Victorian age, â€Å"Traditional ways of lifeRead MoreDr Jekyll And Mr Hyde Analysis1467 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† by Robert Louis Stevenson and â€Å"Goblin Market† by Christina Rossetti are two interesting stories that would show how authors are able to outline good and evil in stories. The first story I consider a mystery as Stevenson leaves his reader in suspense of who really is Mr. Hyde, and what relationship does he have with Dr. Jekyll. And to help the reader solve this mystery was an interesting character by the name Mr. Utterson, who is a Lawyer by profession. Thus, in his questRead MoreDr Jekyll And Mr Hyde Analysis1709 Words   |  7 Pagesnovella, the Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Stevenson is able to explore his interests concerning the dark, hidden desires that all human beings are guilty of possessing. In his story, a well-respected professional by the name of Dr. Jekyll experiments with the idea of contrasting personalities and successfully undergoes a physical separation of such identities—one which would soon wreak havoc upon his very existence. As a result of his success, Edward Hyde is born. Hyde, characterized as a minisculeRead MoreDr Jekyll And Mr Hyde Analysis914 Words   |  4 Pagesnovel Dr. Jekyll Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson contains frequent situa tions where conflicts among the characters arise. This literary classic also has a prominent and iconic villain depicted in one of the title characters, Mr. Hyde. The general plot of the novel is as follows; Utterson, a respected lawyer, and Enfield, Utterson’s cousin, are on their weekly walk when Enfield tells Utterson about his first encounter with Hyde. During his retelling, Enfield explains how he witnesses Hyde trampleRead MoreDr Jekyll And Mr Hyde Analysis1320 Words   |  6 PagesIn The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, it is clear that the biggest theme of the story is the concept of good against evil. In the case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the conflict exists within the same person. It is generally believed that this internal struggle exists in everyone, and that â€Å"man is not truly one, but truly two.† It suggests that everyone has a dual personality , and a good and evil side exists in everyone. The struggle supposedly is usually a close fought battle that is close

Research Proposal On Stereotype Threat - 2288 Words

1 KirtmanNPSY7103-8 NORTHCENTRAL UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Student: Nisaa Kirtman PSY7103 ACKERMAN RESEARCH METHODS 8 (Quantitative Research Proposal) Faculty Use Only Quantitative research proposal on stereotype threat: Evaluation of online supportive website Problem Statement Stereotype threat, or the fear of being judged through the lens of a negative stereotype, has been shown to hurt one’s performance (Spencer, Steele, Quinn, 1999; Steele, Spencer Aronson, 2002). It is clear, from years of research, that individuals who are threatened about a negative stereotype concerning their ability do not perform to their potential when stereotypes are†¦show more content†¦This finding suggests that humor can be used to cope with threat, and students may view threat as a challenge to simply overcome other that simply a threat. Stereotype threat has also been shown to cause self-handicapping, or internal factors that impair performance (Stone, 2012) as well as claimed self-handicapping, or external factors that impair performance (Keller, 2002), both of which could be used intra-personally or interpersonally. The previous studies show that coping mechanisms for stereotype threat are vast, and those susceptible to threat should ha ve access to resources on ways to deal with some of underperformance effects of threat especially in academic settings. Purpose The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Reducing Stereotype Threat website, www.reducingstereotypethreat.org, which offers resources, coping mechanisms and referrals for dealing with feelings of threat and its aftermath. Specifically, the purpose of the current study is to: 1. Obtain general site feedback from students impacted by threat; 2. Obtain feedback on specific resources from the site, focusing on design, usability, and impact of those resources. This website serves as, not just information and literature on the topic, but an online resource portal for students and educators who are faced with this phenomenon directly (as students orShow MoreRelatedCase 3.1 Hy Dairies1695 Words   |  7 PagesSyd Gilman, the vice marketing president at Hy Dairies perceived Rochelle Beauport as a potential marketing staff responsible to improve the sagging sales of Hy’s gourmet ice cream brand, thus decided to reward her with a new post of a marketing research coordinator that was taken by him as a valuable post in marketimg field. Rochelle Beauport, unfortunately had a different perceptions and expectations that leading her into a difficult decision making situation of whether to confront Gilman on perceivedRead MoreAnalysis Of Donald Trump s Presidential Legacy Essay1739 Words   |  7 Pages(Taylor, 2015). Security concerns arises to Trump’s proposal as whether this is constitutional and ethical. There have been many reports saying that Trump’s plan may work, with half the voters backing his statement. Yet, in terms of international relations, America’s relations with the Middle East will be in turmoil if this statement surpasses the planning stage. Donald Trump has argued that this will improve the country’s security from potential threats. Now the question arises, Should Muslim immigrantsRead MoreA Research Proposal For Non Asian Minority Groups2133 Words   |  9 Pages 1 KirtmanNPSY7103-6 NORTHCENTRAL UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Student: Nisaa Kirtman PSY7103 ACKERMAN RESEARCH METHODS 6 (MINI QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PROPOSAL) Faculty Use Only Qualitative Mini-Research Proposal: Stereotype Threat As demographic changes reshape the STEM talent pool in the US, the nation will need to draw more on racial and ethnic groups that have been traditionally marginalized in order to maintain itsRead MoreFactors Contributing to the Poor Education of Minorities754 Words   |  3 Pagesminority students consider rhyming and playing basketball more important than receiving a proper education. The theme of my research is to discover why there is such a vast educational achievement gap between minority and Caucasian students. Many Americans are aware that a educational gap exists among today’s students but they do nothing to bring attention to it. This proposal will inform one of alarming statics that are affecting the welfare and future of minority students. For example, African AmericanRead MoreAnalysis Of Jonathan Swift s The Revolutionary War 1583 Words   |  7 PagesHannah Rice Schmidt – 1 Research Paper 23 September 2014 Jonathan Swift The Revolutionary War is one, if not the most memorable time of American history. It is what started the beginning of the land of the free. The colonization and tyranny of England was not just felt in the thirteen colonies that became America but also in places such as Ireland. Authors such as Jonathan Swift not only acted as literary geniuses but as a way for modern day historians to see the effects of colonization and the hardshipsRead More Racial and Cultural Test Bias, Stereotype Threat and Their Implications3799 Words   |  16 PagesRacial and Cultural Test Bias, Stereotype Threat and Their Implications A substantial amount of educational and psychological research has consistently demonstrated that African American students underperform academically relative to White students. For example, they tend to receive lower grades in school (e.g., Demo Parker, 1987; Simmons, Brown, Bush, Blyth, 1978), score lower on standardized tests of intellectual ability (e.g., Bachman, 1970; Herring, 1989; Reyes Stanic, 1988; SimmonsRead MoreSingle-Sex Education : Is One Gender Enough?1304 Words   |  6 Pagesfor their commitment. Schools dedicated to a specific gender also allow educators to choose a method of teaching that would most benefit their set of students. Each group of individuals mentioned has much to gain from this unique learning style. Proposal: Considering this, I propose that public school systems give students a choice between single-sex and coeducation in order to further expand their minds and allow them to grow in their chosen environment. A room full of girls is not discriminationRead MoreWhite Collar Crimes And Street Crimes1083 Words   |  5 Pagesand often admired by many (Piquero, 2014). These views often allow white collar crimes to â€Å"slip through the cracks† and carry lesser charges or punishment. Are white collar crimes viewed differently than street crimes? If so, then why? This research proposal will begin with a brief overview of the differences between white-collar crimes and street crimes, then examine societal views on both crimes, and specific patterns of white-collar crimes. 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Importantly, out of all Muslim in the U.S., 53% believe that life, as a Muslim American, has become increasingly difficult following the terrorist attacks that occurred on 9/11 (Pew Research Center 35). The terrorist attacks of 9/11 elicited intense emotions from the U.S. population, namely despair, grief, and outrage. Provided that such

Financial Analysis for Singapore Airlines and New Zealand Airways

Question: Discuss about the Financial Analysis for Singapore Airlines and New Zealand Airways. Answer: Introduction With the tremendous development in the global aviation transportation, the international aviation industry has been able to cover almost each and every part of the world since 1950s. As of today the international aviation industry consist of more than 2000 airlines which are providing their services to over 3700 airports with a fleet size of more than 23000 aircrafts. As per the report of International Air Transport Association, in next 2 decades, air traffic is expected to double. However, the percentage of growth will vary region to region especially the developing economies will show the fastest growth hence it is essential for the airlines to evaluate the financial performance in comparison to other competitive airlines and strengthen themselves to garb the highest opportunities in the near future (Pearce, 2015). All the above aspects sated that if a company is financially stable then it can face the unexpected changes of the market conditions. All the aspects increase the role of financial analysis with an aim of accessing a company's position. The financial analysis results are important to the tax authorities, creditors, stockholders, investors, suppliers, owners and managers. The relevance of the study can be understood from the fact that financial stability plays an important role in development of organization in this competitive market. If a company has a strong financial report card then it has many advantages over the other rival companies in terms of attracting choice of suppliers, investors and qualified personnel (Fedosova, 2016). Introduction of the Airline Industry Airline industry is one of the major economic forces for every country as it influences the travel and tourism of a country. A part from this it influences the aircraft manufacturing and other operations. Liberalization is considered as the main leading force in the airline industry that came into effect after the deregulation in 1978 in Sarthe main driver for the air travel demand is the economic growth. After the deregulation in the aviation industry the competitiveness in the industry has reached to its pinnacle. Currently, industry is facing the challenges of low cost carrier, operating performance, transparency of pricing, etc. Apart from this various travel distribution channels has initiated the war of minimum fares. In this era of price competition, it has become essential for every airline company to continuously analyze and maintain its financial position to face these challenges. Singapore Airlines Singapore Airlines was founded in 1947 as a flag carrier airline of Singapore. The airlines base hub is situated at Changi Airport. Total Fleet size of the Airline is 107 and it flies to more than 64 destinations all over the world. In the last 20 years, the company has broadened its market. At present, it is one of the world's leading passenger and cargo carrier airline. Singapore Airlines has young and modern fleet of aircraft. The base airport of the Singapore Airlines is voted as the world's best airport every year. As per International Air Transport Association, on the basis of market capitalization, Singapore Airlines is the 2nd largest airline globally. The total market capitalization of the company is 14 billion US dollars. Currently in the financial year 2015 the airline has reported an improved profit for the first quarter. The profit of the airline has been recorded relatively modest for the four consecutive years. Singapore Airline is continuously accelerating its expansi on capacity in the FY2016 (CAPA, 2015). New Zealand Airlines In the year 1940 New Zealand Airlines was originated with the name of Teasman Empire Airways Limited (TEAL) which initially operated its flights between New Zealand and Australia. In 1965 New Zealand Government took over Teasman Empire Airways Limited and renamed it as Air New Zealand. After the takeover, government merged the Domestic New Zealand National Airways Corporation with Teasman Empire Airways Limited in the year 1978. Currently, the national airline of New Zealand is Air New Zealand Airline based on Auckland and it flies to 29 international and 22 domestic destinations. It covers Pacific Rim and United Kingdom. New Zealand Airways launched its annual results with normalized earnings. The company's statutory earning before taxation was 474 million dollars and its net profit after taxation was 327 million dollars, which 24 percent higher in comparison to previous year (Airnewzealand, 2015). Financial Analysis The financial analysis helps in knowing the financial standing of a firm in the market. Basically, financial position of any company can be judged on the basis of Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Statement. Before taking investment decision, the investors analyze the financial position of the organization and its competitors in order to avoid any risk. They prefer to invest in company that has good financial position thereby increasing their chances of profit making. The financial statements of Singapore Airlines and New Zealand Airlines will be analyzed and compared on the basis of the various the key ratios. Importance of Financial Analysis Finance is a broad term and measurement of the financial analysis of the company ensures the proper use of economic resources to successfully operate both long term and short term perspectives. In case of Airlines industry, financial management is significant to stay profitable and sustain airline operations for long term. The financial analysis of a company is important as it affects the strategic planning and short term decisions. This study is undertakes comparison of financial performance of two major airlines. Feng and Wang argued that it is important to measure the financial performance of a company in terms of profitability, solvency, and liquidity. These all factors are important as these factors ultimately affect the long term survival of an airline (Feng Wang, 2000). Literature review Important ratios in airline industry Some key principal ratios are discussed here which were popularly used by the researchers to compare the financial performance of the airline companies. Profitability Ratio Return on Assets (ROA): Mathematically, it is calculated by dividing companys net income or earning by its total assets. Formula: Net Income / Average Total Assets ROA shows the ability of organization to effectively manage its assets in order to generate profits during an accounting period. The return on assets ratio shows how airlines utilize their assets and the efficiency of utilization. This ratio is important for the airlines as the acquisition of the aircrafts creates high capitalization cost instead of leasing aircrafts.(Heikal et al., 2014). Net Profit Margin: Mathematically, it can be obtained by dividing the net earnings of the company with its revenue. Formula: Net Profit / Total Revenue This ratio enables investor in identifying the capability of a firm for translating its total sales into the total income (Eriotis et al., 2016). Liquidity Ratio George Loizides conducted a study in 2011 to examine the key financial ratios amongst various scheduled carriers. In his study he selected two Southwest European airlines named Aegean and Cyprus. The study calculated the liquidity ratio for both the airlines to analyze the company's ability to cover its short term liability using its current assets. In terms of airline industry short term assets are: account receivables, cash, prepaid expenses etc. and short term obligations are: account payable, bank debt, deferred revenue etc. In case of airline industry c deferred revenue consist of derivative financial instruments, ticket payments, bank overdrafts and borrowings (Loizides, 2011). Current Ratio: In this ratio the association between the short term liabilities and short term assets is examined. For any company, 2:1 is considered as the best current ratio. Current ratio shows the short term financial standing of the firm during an accounting period. (Tugas, 2012). Formula: Current Assets / Current Liabilities Quick Ratio: Investors uses quick ratio to evaluate the cash flow and short term liquidity of an airline. This ratio discloses whether or not organization can realize its short term debt with its liquid assets. Current liquidity position of the firm is depicted by Quick Ratio. It also determines the firm's ability to maintain its short term liabilities and quick assets. Quick assets are those assets that can be liquidated immediately as per their present book value. This financial ratio is important to analyze the financial condition of an airline industry as they are capital intensive and they have debt in significant amount. If a company shows higher quick ratio then it is considered better (Kirkham, 2012). Formula: (Current Assets - Inventory - Prepaid Expenses) / Current Liabilities Liquidity and Solvency As per Morrell, if any crisis occurs like the terrorist attack or any resent financial crisis, then it is important to evaluate the Airlines liquidity and its access to finance. Infect they are essential for the endurance of the airline also they finance aircraft deliveries. Hence, it is important to access the liquidity and solvency of the airlines at the time of financial comparison. The liquidity ratio and solvency ratio consists of components such as short term liabilities, current assets, shareholder's equity and total liabilities. These all elements are necessary to calculate debt to equity ratio and current ration (Morrell, 2011). Debt to Equity Ratio - Long Term Solvency: This ratio helps in measuring the long term wealth of a firm. It analyses the association between the capital contributed by the owners of the firm and creditors of the firm. It also analyses the extent to which the shareholders can satisfy the obligations of the company towards its creditors. For example, if a firm is using more equity and less debt then it reflects lower equity ratio. On the other hand, if a firm is considering higher debt in order to grow its current position then it reflects the high debt to equity ratio (AL-Shubiri, 2012). Formula: Total debt / Total equity Equity Ratio- short term liquidity: It measures a firm's ability to cover its short term obligations. This ratio investigates the association between the short term liabilities and short term assets of a firm. It measures the total value of assets funded by the investors during the comparison of total assets to equity in the company. The purpose of calculating this financial ratio is to analyze a company's working capital to know whether or not organization can meet its operations requirement. Strong financial position of the company can be indicated with high current ratio and thereby it adds value to the company's performance within the industry in the market (Bhandari, 1988). Formula: Total Equity / Total Assets Market Performance Earnings per Share: Earnings per share show the companys profit which is allocated to shares of common stock. It calculates the portion of profit to each shareholder (Livnat Segal, 2000). Formula: (Net Income - Preferred Dividend) / Weighted Average Outstanding shares Dividend per Share: DPS is the part of dividend which each shareholder receives and it is declared by the company on per share basis(Gordon, 1959). Formula: Dividend / Number of Shares A study was conducted by Ahati (2008) to compare the financial performance of Merck Co. and Pfizer Inc. for this study. He analyzed the past three annual reports of both the companies. Growth ratio was calculated to measure the investment growth rate of both the companies. Liquidity indicators showed that Pfizer has a much higher current ratio as compared to Merck's. This clearly indicates that Pfizer has higher capability to pay off its current liabilities because short term assets and short term liabilities were two times than the current ratio. The price sales ratio of both the companies was calculated to know the revenue of the companies and the results showed that price sales ratio of Merck was higher than the price sales ratio of Pfizer, and this indicated that investors pay more for Merck than Pfizer. The results of this study calculated the return on assets ratio for both the companies to identify their efficiency of managing resources. On the basis of the comparison, it was concluded that Merck showed higher efficiency in maintaining a more efficient use of the assets in order to make a great profit as compared to Pfizer (Ahati, 2008). As per the study conducted by Loizides (2011)Aegean has the potential to cover its liabilities almost two times as compared to Cyprus hence Aegean is in better position. In terms of asset turnover ratio, both the airlines show a similar pattern over the three years. In terms of debt ratio, Cyprus airline's debt ratio was high and this shows that the proportion of its liabilities relative to its assets is 95 percent and it is a bad sign to come in the coming years. On the other hand the debt ratio of Aegean was stable and around 50percent of this indicated the good portion of the assets of the company to be attributed to its liabilities. Aegean will not face any leverage risk in the coming years (Loizides, 2011). Mergers and Acquisitions (MA) in aviation industry have been popular from the decades. However, MAs in the airline industry has become quite common in recent years. Kabi and Sajnani conducted a study on merger and acquisition in aviation industry in India to identify impact of MA on airlines. They aimed at determining whether or not merged airlines are able to attain financial performance efficiency particularly in terms of leverage, liquidity, and many more parameters. The results of the study revealed that no improvement were noticed in the return on equity, interest coverage, net profit margin, dividend per share and earnings per share of the surviving company after the merger acquisition. This study analyzed the financial performance of Kingfisher Airlines and Air Deccan after their merger in 2006. The analysis of the ratios depicted that the earning per share and market price both were decreased after the merger. Decline in earnings per share indicated reduction in the sales re venue, rise in operating expenses and rise in the interest payments. The current ratio was decreased after the merger by 35 percent which indicated the scarcity of resources to pay its current debts and difficulty in meeting the current obligations (Kabi Sajnani, 2014). The financial analysis comparison of British Airways (BA) and Air France-KLM (AF) was conducted for the period of 2009 to 2012 on four standards that is, efficiency, profitability, financial gearing, and liquidity. The results of the study stated that both the airlines were highly volatile and AF showed worse results than BA. In the year 2012 the profitability of the AF fell deeper due to increasing costs. In terms of liquidity both the airlines were suffering from low liquidity as their current liabilities exceeded their current assets. The reason behind the low liquidity was the burden of aircrafts leasing payments, interest payments and debt payments (Riha, 2013). Research Objectives and Questions Research Methodology This research study will be performed to evaluate the financial performance of Singapore Airlines and New Zealand Airlines. Both sources of the primary and secondary data will be used in this study. Secondary source of data will be conducted in the form of literature review. (Saunders et al., 2009). Research Design A research design is concerned with the better understanding of a less understood topic. It is an approach to apply better appropriate research method on the study with a view to answering the questions of the research. An appropriate research design is decided on the basis of the research questions. This research study can be categorized into the exploratory research as it will explore the financial conditions of the airlines and it will address the "what" element in the research questions (Saunders et al., 2009). Type of research Research can be broadly categorized as Secondary research and Primary Research. In primary research, usually data is collected directly from the source of information. This research is performed by the researcher itself. There are various methods of collecting data in the primary research such as interviews, focused group, etc. The choice of the suitable method depends upon many factors such as research type, population size, and many more. The secondary research on other hand is based on the previous data wherein facts and information is gathered from the previous reports and articles. This research will be totally based on secondary research as the ratios will be calculated on the basis of the financial statements of both the companies. Various facts and figures will be taken from the annual reports and ratios will be calculated to identify their current financial position (Saunders et al., 2009). Data collection There are two types of data: quantitative data and qualitative data. Qualitative data consists of non-numeric data while quantitative data consists of numbers and figures. As this research will compare the financial performance of two airlines hence, to perform all the ratios the data will be taken from the official annual reports of both the companies from their official website. The data taken from the annual report of the companies will be in the quantitative form as ratios are calculated in quantitative form and their values are compared in the same way (Eriksson Kovalainen, 2008). Data Analysis The data will be analyzed on two approaches. The first approach is based on theoretical claims. Theoretical concepts from the prior researches will be used to interpret the final results and to achieve the objectives of the study while the second analysis will be based on interpretation of the research materials wherein relationship between the airlines and its influencing factors will be interpreted. This method will be beneficial to answer the questions of the study (Eriksson Kovalainen, 2008). References Ahati, T., 2008. Financial Analysis: Merck Co., Inc. vs. Pfizer Inc. Wordpress. Airnewzealand, 2015. Air New Zealand Announces Record Annual Result. [Online] Available at: https://www.airnewzealand.com/press-release-2015-air-new-zealand-announces-record-annual-result. Al-Shubiri, F.N., 2012. Debt Ratio Analysis and Firm Investment: Evidence from Jordan. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2(1), pp.21-26. Bhandari, L.C., 1988. Debt/ Equity Ratio and Expected Common Stock Returns: Empirical Evidence. The Journal of Finance, 43(2), pp.507-28. CAPA, 2015. Singapore Airlines outlook brightens as profits, yields improve. New connectivity strategies emerge. [Online] Available at: https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/singapore-airlines-group-improves-as-profits-yields-improve-new-connectivity-strategies-emerging-224825. Eriksson, P. Kovalainen, A., 2008. Qualitative Methods in Business Research. SAGE. Eriotis, N.P., Frangouli, Z. Ventoura-Neokosmides, Z., 2016. Profit Margin And Capital Structure: An Empirical Relationship. The Journal of Applied Business Research , 18(2), pp.85-88. Fedosova, A., 2016. Comparison between Low-cost and Traditional Airlines. Feng, C.M. Wang, R.T., 2000. Performance evaluation for airlines including the consideration of. Journal of Air Transportation Management, 6(3), pp. 133-142. Gordon, M.J., 1959. Dividends, Earnings, And Stock Prices. The Review of Economics and Statistics , 41(2), pp. 99-105. Heikal, M., Khaddafi, M. Ummah, A., 2014. Influence Analysis of Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), Net Profit Margin (NPM), Debt To Equity Ratio (DER), and current ratio (CR), Against CorporateProfit Growth In Automotive In Indonesia Stock Exchange. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(12), pp.101-14. [Accessed 2016]. Kabi, B.K. Sajnani, M., 2014. Mergers And Acquistions In Aviation Industry. International Journal of Mgt. And Science, 4(2). Kirkham, R., 2012. Liquidity Analysis Using Cash Flow Ratios and Traditional Ratios: The Telecommunications Sector in Australia. Journal of New Business Ideas Trends, 10(1), pp.1-13. Livnat, J. Segal, D., 2000. The Calculation of Earnings per share and Market Value of Equity: Should common stock equivalents be included?. Loizides, G., 2011. Examining Key Financial Ratios amongst scheduled carriers. Madrigal, D. McClain, B., 2016. Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative and Qualitative Research. [Online] Available at: https://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2012/09/strengths-and-weaknesses-of-quantitative-and-qualitative-research.php [Accessed 8 june 2016]. Morrell, P., 2011. Current challenges in a "Distressed" industry. Journal of Air Transport Management, 17(1), 14-18. Pearce, B., 2015. The shape of air travel markets over the next 20 years. International Air Transport Association (IATA). Riha, S., 2013. BA FA financial analysis 2009-2012. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. Thornhill, A., 2009. Research methods for business students. Pearson Education. Tugas, F.C., 2012. A Comparative Analysis of the Financial Ratios of Listed Firms Belonging to the Education Subsector in the Philippines for the Years 2009-2011. International Journal of Business and Social Science , 3(21), pp.173-90.